Summary
In Continental Casualty Co. v. Industrial Commission, 28 Wis. 2d 89, 94-95, 135 N.W.2d 803 (1965), for example, we held, citing Larson, that an employee is injured "in the course of employment" if he is injured while doing a private errand for his employer.
Summary of this case from Beecher v. Labor & Industry Review CommissionOpinion
June 2, 1965 —
June 25, 1965.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Dane county: NORRIS E. MALONEY, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellants there was a brief by Kracht Zauner Milwaukee, and oral argument by Edward J. Kracht.
For the respondent Industrial Commission the cause was argued by Gordon Samuelsen, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief was Bronson C. La Follette, attorney general.
For the respondent Margaret Spinnler Hilty there was a brief by Levy Levy of Cedarburg, and oral argument by Lowell K. Levy.
Action to review an award by the Industrial Commission workmen's compensation death benefits.
The applicant is the widow of LeRoy Hilty, an employee of Justro Feed Corporation. Hilty was considered a "working foreman" and his duties were flexible. He was killed January 11, 1963, by the accidental discharge of a .22-caliber pistol. He was then on the premises of his employer, during regular working hours. He was assisting James Barr, his superior, and Justro's plant manager, at Barr's request. At the moment Barr was caring for a dog in which Justro had no interest.
Before September 1, 1962, Ready Foods Canning Corporation processed animal food at a leased plant at Cedarburg. Barr was plant manager for Ready, and Hilty was foreman. On September 1, Ready sold its equipment to Justro, Justro took over the lease, and carried on the food-processing operation at the plant, employing the same people formerly employed by Ready.
Ready had maintained a large number of cats and dogs for use in testing Ready's product. Justro did not continue this program. The animals were not included in the bill of sale. Mr. Sheridan of Ready and Mr. Segel of Justro orally agreed that Barr, as plant manager, would dispose of the animals. If any were sold, the money was to go to Ready, but Barr could give them away if he couldn't sell them. Barr gave away all the dogs but three. One was kept on the premises as a pet. In November, Barr moved the other two from the plant to a kennel which he personally operated on adjoining property. He testified he moved them because it was easier to feed them when he fed his own dogs.
On January 11, 1963, these two dogs were still in the kennel and one of them suffered a broken leg. Barr asked Hilty to go with him to the kennel and shoot both dogs. There was a pistol in Barr's filing cabinet. It had been the property of Ready and remained there when Justro took over, although not listed in the bill of sale. Hilty shot the two dogs and the men hauled the carcasses back to the plant for disposal in the furnace. They drove a Justro truck. Barr also had in his possession a female dog, belonging to a third party, and not involved in any way with Justro or Ready. This dog was about to have pups, and Barr decided to take her to one of the cages at the plant, formerly used for dogs, where he thought it would be easier to care for her.
Upon return to the plant, Barr asked Hilty to help carry the dog upstairs. This was done. Barr testified: "We laid the dog down. I asked LeRoy if he would take the pistol out of my pocket because I had a large jacket on with a large pocket. I felt the pistol come out of my pocket. The next thing I heard was a thud and shot and LeRoy was dead."
The commission found that Hilty was carrying out the directions of his superior, that he sustained injury in the course of his employment, and that the accident arose out of the employment.
On December 29, 1964, the circuit court entered judgment confirming the award. Justro and the insurance carrier appeal. Additional facts will be referred to in the opinion.
The challenged specific findings. The commission found that Hilty had been employed by Justro about three years." Appellants correctly point out that Hilty's employment by Justro had begun four months before his death. This error is immaterial.
The commission found that the dogs had been "taken over" from Ready and belonged to Justro. It appears, as asserted by appellants, that Ready retained ownership of the dogs until they were sold or given away. The evidence, however, would support a finding that Justro undertook the disposal the dogs and that Barr was acting in the course of his employment in disposing of them.
Mr. Barr testified that approximately 100 to 125 cats and 60 to 65 dogs were on the premises on the date of transfer; that, "It was mutually agreed between . . . Mr. Sheridan representing Ready Foods and Mr. Segel representing Justro, that I, as the plant manager, would dispose of the cats and dogs."
Mr. Segel testified that Justro had no use for the animals; that he told Barr to dispose of them; that it was done in the course of Barr's employment; that Segel was not concerned with how the dogs were disposed of; and that Barr had complete control over the men in the plant. Although Mr. Segel evidently felt that after Barr removed the dogs from the Justro premises, Justro had no further concern with them, the commission was not bound to accept his interpretation.
The commission found that the pistol belonged to Justro. Appellants object. Barr testified that the pistol had belonged to Ready Foods and had been kept for years in the file cabinet in Barr's office. The file cabinets and "all other furniture" were mentioned in the bill of sale. Barr testified that there were other small tools and items which were actually transferred, though not specifically listed. Mr. Segel was unaware of the presence of the gun. The ownership of the gun would not be controlling in any event, but the commission could properly find that it was transferred to Justro.
The commission found that Hilty "was carrying out the directions of his superior." Appellants argue that Barr made "requests" and that Hilty complied because of personal friendship.
It is true that the men had known each other for years and were friendly. Mr. Barr testified that he had "asked" Hilty to do the things he did on January 11th. He said that he customarily gave directions to his men by "asking;" that he considered that if he asked Hilty to do something about the dogs it became one of Hilty's duties. Although Barr testified, over objection, that when Hilty helped with the dog they carried upstairs he did it "as a personal favor," the commission was not bound by that testimony to find that Hilty understood he was free to give or withhold the help. The evidence sustains the finding that Hilty was carrying out the directions of a superior.
The alleged deviation. As already indicated, the commission could and did properly find that the trip to Barr's kennel to shoot the two dogs and the return therefrom were for the benefit of Justro and within the scope of the men's employment. In transporting and handling the third dog, however, the men were serving a personal interest of Barr. The fatal accident occurred while the men were involved in the latter task.
This raises the question of the extent to which an employee is protected by the Workmen's Compensation Act while performing tasks outside the course of the employer's business, but at the direction of his superior in the employment. As pointed out by appellants there can be no liability unless at the time of the injury the employee is performing services growing out of and incidental to his employment and unless the accident arises out of the employment.
Sec. 102.03 (1) (e) 1 and (e), Stats.
Professor Larson states the rule as follows:
"When any person in authority directs an employee to run some private errand or do some work outside his normal duties for the private benefit of the employer or superior, an injury in the course of that work is compensable.
"The technical reason for these holdings is simply that, whatever the normal course of employment may be, the employer or his supervisory staff have it within their power to enlarge that course by assigning tasks outside the usual area. If they do not assign these tasks on the strength of the employer-employee relation on which compensability depends, then what is the source of authority by which the task is assigned?
"The practical reason for the rule is that any other view places the employee in an intolerable dilemma: if he complies with the order, he forfeits compensation protection; if he does not comply, he gets fired."
1 Larson, Law of Workmen's Compensation, pp. 421-424, sec. 27.40.
This court has not had occasion to deal with the exact problem. In Metzger v. Industrial Comm. the employer was a painting contractor and hired employees to work in that business. The employer directed two of his employees to haul furniture to the employer's summer cottage. One was killed on the trip. We held that the fact that the task being performed was not customarily required in the employer's business did not suspend the status of the deceased as an employee in the usual course of business.
(1931), 205 Wis. 339, 235 N.W. 802.
In Olson Rug Co. v. Industrial Comm. several employees were working on a crew, soliciting orders, away from home. One employee, Allen, became ill. Instead of remaining in his rooming house, he asked the foreman, Carlson, to drive him to a city where he had relatives. Carlson did so after ordinary working hours and was injured while returning. This court said:
(1934), 215 Wis. 344, 347, 254 N.W. 519.
"An injury received by one who is merely performing a friendly act or courtesy for a coemployee is not compensable unless, at the time of performing such act, the employer owes to the employee a duty to perform the act by virtue of the contract of employment or the law. The service performed by the applicant was outside of his hours of employment, outside of what properly may be called his place of employment and in a place not provided or furnished by the employer or over which it had any control."
In the Olson Rug Company Case it was the subordinate who requested the superior to render a personal service, while in the instant case the superior made the request of the subordinate.
The broad rule as stated by Professor Larson commends itself. It is not necessary in this case, however, to decide whether to adopt it completely. Perhaps there may be circumstances under which directions given by a superior would be so clearly unauthorized that services rendered in response thereto could not be said to grow out of or be incidental to the employment. In the case before us, however, the services in Barr's personal interest were rendered as an incident of the trip to and from the kennel; they were not only rendered at the direction of the superior, but were performed on the premises where Hilty's duties were ordinarily performed, and during his ordinary working hours. Under these circumstances it was proper to find that Hilty was performing services growing out of and incidental to his employment and that the accident arose out of the employment.
It was argued that under the positional-risk doctrine, Hilty's death was compensable because his presence at the point where he was killed was a result of his employment. This may also be appropriate reasoning, but we do not rest our decision on it.
See Cutler-Hammer, Inc., v. Industrial Comm. (1958), 5 Wis.2d 247, 254, 92 N.W.2d 824.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
GORDON, J., dissents.