Summary
In Congrave v. Southern Pac. R.R. Co., 88 Cal. 368, it is said: "The law of this state respecting this subject, as set forth in the code referred to, recognizes no distinction growing out of the grades of employment of the respective employees; nor does it give any effect to the circumstance that the fellow-servant, through whose negligence the injury came, was the superior of the plaintiff in the general service in which they were in common engaged."
Summary of this case from Donovan v. FerrisOpinion
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Placer County.
COUNSEL
Whenever the master authorizes an employee, no matter what his grade or rank, to issue orders to subordinates, which it is made the duty of these to obey, the orders, when issued and obeyed, are the orders of the master; and if injury results from obedience, the master cannot claim exemption on the ground that the relation of fellow-servant existed between the employees thus ordering and thus obeying. (Little Miami R. R. Co. v. Stevens, 20 Ohio, 415; Cleveland etc. R. R. Co. v. Keary, 3 Ohio St. 202; R. R. Co. v. Ross , 112 U.S. 377; Brown v. Sennett , 68 Cal. 225; 58 Am. Rep. 8; Chicago etc. R. R. Co. v. May , 108 Ill. 288, 298, 299; Moore v. R. R. Co ., 85 Mo. 588; Darrigan v. R. R. Co ., 52 Conn. 285; 52 Am. Rep. 590; Chicago etc. R'y Co. v. Lundstrom, 16 Neb. 244; Ross v. Railway Co ., 8 F. Rep. 554; Cooper v. R. R. Co ., 24 W.Va. 37; Baltimore etc. R. R. Co. v. Crockett, 19 Neb. 138; Sioux City etc. R. R. Co. v. Smith, 22 Neb. 775; Hardy v. Railway Co ., 36 F. Rep. 657; Patton v. R. R. Co ., 96 N.C. 455; Lake Shore etc. R. R. Co. v. Lavalley, 36 Ohio St. 221; McDermott v. R. R. Co ., 87 Mo. 285; Haynes v. R. R. Co ., 3 Cold. 222; Ragsdale v. R. R. Co ., 3 Baxt. 426; Wabash etc. R'y Co. v. Hawk , 121 Ill. 259; 2 Am. St. Rep. 82; Moon's Adm'r v. R. R. Co ., 78 Va. 745; Louisville etc. R. R. Co. v. Mitchell , 87 Ky. 327; Johnson v. R. R. Co ., 84 Va. 713; Ayres v. R. R. Co ., 84 Va. 679; R. R. Co. v. Collins, 2 Duvall, 114; Louisville etc. R. R. Co. v. Cavens, 9 Bush, 559; Hoke v. Railway Co ., 88 Mo. 360; Dowling v. Allen , 74 Mo. 13; 41 Am. Rep. 298; R. R. Co. v. Fox, 31 Kan. 586; Louisville etc. R'y Co. v. Lahr, 2 Pickle, 335; Van Amburg v. R. R. Co ., 37 La. Ann. 650; 55 Am. Rep. 517; R. R. Co. v. De Bray , 71 Ga. 406; Douglas v. R. R. Co ., 63 Tex. 564; R. R. Co. v. Wheless, 10 La. 741-746; R. R. Co. v. Bowler, 9 Heisk. 866; Cowles v. Richmond , 84 N.C. 309; Dobbin v. R. R. Co ., 81 N.C. 446; 31 Am. Rep. 512; Richmond etc. R. R. Co. v. Williams , 86 Va. 165; Berea Stone Co. v. Kraft, 31 Ohio St. 287; Chicago etc. R. R. Co. v. McLallen , 84 Ill. 109; Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, secs. 224-241.)
D. M. Delmas, and Robert T. Devlin, for Appellants.
Hale & Craig, for Respondent.
The negligence, if any, was the negligence of a fellow-servant, or at least of "another person employed by the same employer in the same general business," within the meaning of section 1970 of the Civil Code of this state. (Yeomans v. Contra Costa S. N. Co ., 44 Cal. 71; Hogan v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 49 Cal. 128; Collier v. Steinhart , 51 Cal. 116; McLean v. Blue Point Gravel Mining Co ., 51 Cal. 257; McDonald v. Hazletine , 53 Cal. 35; Beeson v. Green Mountain G. M. Co ., 57 Cal. 20; Brown v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 72 Cal. 523; Fisk v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 72 Cal. 38; 1 Am. St. Rep. 22; Stephens v. Doe , 73 Cal. 26; Fagundes v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 79 Cal. 97.)
JUDGES: In Bank. McFarland, J. De Haven, J., Harrison, J., Paterson, J., and Sharpstein, J., concurred.
OPINION
McFARLAND, Judge
This action was brought by the widow and infant son of James W. Congrave, deceased, to recover damages for the death of the latter, who was killed by an accident on a railroad train of the defendant. A demurrer to the complaint was sustained by the court below, and plaintiffs declining to amend, judgment went for defendant. From this judgment plaintiffs appeal.
The complaint avers that said Congrave, deceased, was a brakeman in defendant's employ, upon a train which left the town of Truckee on March 19, 1888, and started westward, destined for Sacramento City. It is averred, in general terms, that the deceased, as such brakeman, was "placed by said defendant under the control and direction and subject to the orders of the conductor of said train"; but it is not averred that the accident which resulted in the death was caused, in whole or in part, by any order or direction given by said conductor to deceased, or that any order or direction whatever was so given. On the other hand, it appears affirmatively that the accident was not caused by any order or direction given by the conductor to said deceased. The complaint proceeds to state in detail the circumstances, facts, and causes which produced the accident by which the deceased was killed; and they are, briefly, as follows: The train, proceeding westward, had to pass a certain station called Tamarack. "According to the rules and regulations, time-tables and schedules, made by said defendant to govern and regulate the movements of its trains upon its aforesaid roads, and the times of the arrivals and departures of said trains from stations, and for the instruction and guidance of its conductors," said train ought to have left Tamarack at the hour of fifty-five minutes past twelve o'clock, noon, of said day, and not earlier; and it was "the duty of said conductor" not to have allowed the train to start before said time. But the conductor, "in disregard of the aforesaid rules, regulations, time-tables, and schedules of said defendant," "negligently and recklessly ordered, caused, and permitted said train to leave said Tamarack station in its westward-bound course a long time before the expiration of the proper and schedule time as aforesaid," viz., at forty-six minutes past twelve o'clock. "By reason of said negligence, recklessness, and breach of duty of said conductor, and the departure of said train from said Tamarack station before its proper and schedule time as aforesaid," the train collided with another train, and by said collision the deceased was killed. It is stated, by way of recital, that he was killed "while at his post obeying the orders and directions of said conductor, and performing his duties as such brakeman"; but there is no averment that any particular order was given, or that any such order contributed in the slightest degree to the accident or to the death. The demurrer contained the general ground of want of facts, and also special grounds, one being that the complaint was uncertain, etc., because "it does not appear therefrom what were the duties, or any of them, required of or to be performed by James W. Congrave, mentioned in said complaint as brakeman on the train mentioned therein."
We think that the demurrer was properly sustained, and that the judgment should be affirmed.
It is entirely clear on the face of the complaint that the deceased and the conductor were co-employees of defendant. It is also clear that the death was caused by the negligence and breach of duty of the conductor in starting the train before schedule time; no other cause of the accident is intimated in the complaint. There is no averment that the defendant was negligent in the selection of the conductor. And the general rule (whatever exceptions there may be to it) is well settled in England and the United States, and particularly in this state, that a master is not liable to his servant for damages sustained by the negligent act of a fellow-servant, unless the master was negligent in the selection of the servant at fault. It is hardly necessary to cite authorities on this point, as we do not understand counsel for appellant to contend against the general rule as above stated. The earliest cases upon the subject in this country in which the principle was applied to railroad companies and their employees are Murray v. R. R. Co ., 1 McMull. 385, 36 Am. Dec. 268, decided by the supreme court of South Carolina in 1841, and Farwell v. Boston & W. R. R. Co ., 4 Met. 59, 38 Am. Dec. 339, decided [26 P. 176] in 1842 by the supreme court of Massachusetts, Chief Justice Shaw delivering the opinion. These leading cases were generally followed in the United States. Very few cases can be found which deny the general rule. They were also followed in England. (Hutchinson v. York N. & B. R'y Co ., 5 Ex. 343; Wigmore v. Jay, 5 Ex. 354; Bartonshill v. Reid, 3 Macq. 266.) We need not allude further to authorities in other jurisdictions, as this court has frequently approved the rule. In Yeomans v. Contra Costa S. N. Co ., 44 Cal. 71, the point was directly involved, and the court, among other things, say: "The defendants excepted to these instructions, and contend that the case is within the reason of the rule that an employer is not responsible to his employee for injuries resulting from the negligence, carelessness or unskillfulness of a fellow-employee engaged in the same general business. The rule itself cannot be questioned. It has been settled by a uniform series of both English and American decisions. The question comes upon the application of the principle to the present case." (In that case it was held that plaintiff, who was an express agent, was a passenger, and not an employee of defendant.) In Hogan v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 49 Cal. 128, the court say: "In Yeomans v. Contra Costa S. N. Co ., 44 Cal. 71, we announced the rule of law on this subject, and referred to many of the authorities by which it is sustained. The cases are very numerous, many of them being cited by defendant, and they are to the effect that the master is not liable for injuries suffered by a servant through the negligence of a fellow-servant, unless the master was negligent in the selection of the servant in fault. The early cases in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Ohio, relied on by plaintiff as sustaining his view of the law, have since been overruled or disapproved." Other cases to the same point are Collier v. Steinhart , 51 Cal. 116; McLean v. Blue Point G. M. Co ., 51 Cal. 256; McDonald v. Hazletine , 53 Cal. 35; Brown v. C. P. R. R. Co ., 72 Cal. 523; Fagundes v. C. P. R. R. Co ., 79 Cal. 97.
It is true, however, that there has been some difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase "fellow-servants," and a few of the cases have recognized a distinction growing out of different grades of employment. There has also been recognized in a few instances what may be called the doctrine of "vice-principalship"; that is, where one general employee is held to have been given the entire and unlimited control and management of the whole business of the principal, so that he stands in all respects in his principal's place, and all his negligent acts are deemed to be the direct acts of the principal. And upon these asserted principles we understand appellant to mainly rest this case. It is contended that as the conductor was superior in grade to the deceased brakeman, and had certain authority over him, and as the conductor, with respect to the running of the train, was the vice-principal, therefore the general rule applicable to fellow-servants does not apply. In support of this position, the case of Chicago & M. R. R. Co. v. Ross , 112 U.S. 377, is cited.
The facts of the last-named case are not exactly like those in the case at bar. It may be assumed, however, that the opinion of the majority of the court in that case is favorable to the appellants' contention. That seems to be the view taken by the four dissenting justices, Bradley, Matthews, Gray, and Blatchford; for in expressing their dissent they say: "We think that the conductor of the railroad train in this case was a fellow-servant of the railroad company with the other employees on the train. We think that to hold otherwise would be to break down the long-established rule with regard to the exemption from responsibility of employers for injuries to their servants by the negligence of their fellow-servants." But it is to be observed that the majority of the court were not governed or restrained by any statutory provision. They were at entire liberty to consider the philosophy of the subject, and to follow the direction of their own judgments as to what should be the rule. The decision was not given in view of the statutory law of California upon the point, or of any similar law of any other state.
The Civil Code of California went into effect January 1, 1873, and under the head of "Obligations of the Employer," it provides as follows: "Section 1970. An employer is not bound to indemnify his employee for losses suffered by the latter in consequence of the ordinary risks of business in which he is employed, nor in consequence of the negligence of another person employed by the same employer in the same general business, unless he has neglected to use ordinary care in the selection of the culpable employee." This section of the code not only restates the rule first established by judicial decision as to injury received through the negligence of a fellow-servant, but it clears away to a great extent the difficulties which may have existed as to the meaning of "fellow-servants." It declares them to be those employed "in the same general business." And if the employees on a train of cars, including the engineer, the conductor, the fireman, and the brakeman, are not persons employed in the same business, it would be difficult to imagine a set of men who could be considered as so employed. They are on the same train; their duties all appertain to the running of that train; each has his own work to do, and the joint work of all is necessary to the business; they are almost constantly in close relations and personal contact with each other; they have the fullest opportunities for knowing each others' qualifications as to carefulness and skill, and detecting any failure of duty; and to them applies peculiarly the reasoning upon which the general rule was originally founded.
This clause of the code has received judicial construction. In McLean v. Blue Point Gravel M. Co ., 51 Cal. 255, plaintiff was employed to work in a hydraulic mine. One Kegan was "foreman of all work," with "authority to employ and discharge hands." Through the negligence of Kegan, plaintiff was injured by a blast. Judgment in the trial court went for defendant; and on appeal, plaintiff's counsel contended, as an exception to the general rule, [26 P. 177] "that the employer is liable for injury to a subordinate servant by the negligence of a superior." The court affirmed the judgment, and in its opinion, after quoting section 1970, said: "The injury to the plaintiff was caused by the negligence of Kegan, the foreman of defendant, who was a fellow-servant with the plaintiff, -- 'another person employed by the same employer in the same general business,' that is, the business of working the mine of defendant, -- Kegan being in the blasting and plaintiff in the hydraulic department of the 'general business.'. .. . The law of this state respecting this subject, as set forth in the code referred to, recognizes no distinction growing out of grades of employment of the respective employees; nor does it give any effect to the circumstance that the fellow-servant through whose negligence the injury came was the superior of the plaintiff in the general service in which they were in common engaged; and the alleged distinction in this respect, insisted upon by the defendant's counsel, founded, as he claims, on the general principles of law and the adjudged cases, requires no examination at our hands. (Collier v. Steinhart , 51 Cal. 116.)" It is clear that in deciding this case the court determined that the code swept away the distinctions which appear in some of the "adjudged cases" on the subject of fellow-servants. Collier v. Steinhart , 51 Cal. 116, referred to in the opinion, is still stronger to the point decided. Both of these cases were approved in McDonald v. Hazletine , 53 Cal. 35, which was also a case where an employee was injured through the carelessness of a foreman. These cases were again followed and approved in Stephens v. Doe , 73 Cal. 26, where it was held that "the foreman of a mine and a miner employed to work under his directions are fellow-servants; and the owner of the mine is not liable for injuries caused to the latter through the negligence of the foreman, unless he fail to use ordinary care in the selection of the foreman." The same doctrine was announced in Brown v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 72 Cal. 523, and Fagundes v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 79 Cal. 97.
It is contended, however, that the principal may give an employee such authority as will constitute him a "vice-principal"; that in that instance such employee stands in the shoes of the principal, and the latter is liable for the employee's negligence by which another employee is injured; and that in the case at bar the conductor was such vice-principal. The authorities mainly relied on for this contention are Beeson v. Green Mountain , 57 Cal. 20; Brown v. Sennett , 68 Cal. 225; 58 Am. Rep. 8; Sanborn v. Madera Flume Co ., 70 Cal. 261; and McKune v. Cal. Southern R. R. Co ., 66 Cal. 302.
In the Beeson case, the death of the deceased was caused by a defective pipe in a mine; and the only point decided was, that a principal is liable for injury to an employee caused by defective machinery. The principle that it is the duty of an employer himself to provide safe materials and structures has never been disputed. There is some language used in the opinion which, perhaps, goes further; for which reason, probably, three justices dissented. But the case decides nothing more than as above stated.
In Sanborn v. Madera Flume Co ., 70 Cal. 261, the plaintiff was injured by defective machinery used in a saw-mill, and the court decided, according to the well-settled rule, that "it is the duty of the owner of a saw-mill to furnish suitable and safe machinery for the use of his employees." Brown v. Sennett , 68 Cal. 225, 58 Am. Rep. 8, and McKune v. Cal. Southern R. R. Co ., 66 Cal. 302, seem to recognize to some extent the doctrine of vice-principalship. In the former case it was held that "the foreman of a gang of men to whom a stevedore delegates the entire management of the work of unloading a vessel, with full direction to control and supervise it, is not a fellow-servant with his subordinate employees." The court says, in its opinion, that the "defendants abdicated the control and management of the entire work to the foreman, and gave him full discretion to control and supervise it." He employed the men, and the court holds that "the foreman was therefore in the performance of the 'job' in place of the master." The case is decided by a mere majority of the court; it makes no allusion to the language of the code, and is hard to reconcile with some former decisions, particularly with Collier v. Steinhart , 51 Cal. 116, above mentioned, and McLean v. Blue Point Gravel M. Co ., 51 Cal. 255. But assuming the case to be correctly decided, the facts were very different from those in the case at bar.
In McKune v. Cal. S. R. R. Co ., 66 Cal. 302, a Department decision, the defendant was engaged in constructing a railroad. The plaintiff was injured by the negligence of one Fisher, who "was material agent and train-dispatcher for defendant, and had charge of the moving of trains." The negligence consisted in his carelessly sending out a special train, which collided with a hand-car, on which plaintiff and others were riding, and injured plaintiff. "A rule of the company declared that no extra engine, either with or without train, unless in company with a regular train, would pass over any portion of the road, except on an order from the material agent or train-dispatcher ." The court say: "He represented the defendant; was a vice-principal; he employed and discharged men, and directed the movements of the trains. When he directed the extra train to go up the road, the company directed it." Assuming this case not to be in conflict with the numerous decisions above noticed, it is clear that it is not authority for appellant in the case at bar. The material-man and train-dispatcher seems to have had control of the entire business of constructing the railroad. He employed and discharged men, and moved all the trains at his own will, without any restraint. The defendant seems to have "abdicated" in favor of this general agent. But in the case at bar the conductor was merely an ordinary employee who worked with other employees on a train, each having certain duties to perform. He had no power to "direct the movement of trains." He had no authority to direct the movement of the particular train on which he was employed, except in accordance with the regulations [26 P. 178] and schedules and time-tables by which the defendant directed the work to be done. He had no power to employ or discharge men. It cannot be said that when he started the train before the schedule time "the company directed it." He was not then acting for the defendant, but against its express orders. He did not therefore come within the doctrine of vice-principalship, -- assuming that there may be cases to which that doctrine would apply. Moreover, it was said, and we think it was clearly intended to be decided, in Brown v. C. P. R. R. Co ., 72 Cal. 523, that the brakeman and conductor on a railroad train are fellow-servants; and in Fagundes v. C. P. R. R. Co ., 79 Cal. 97, it was held that a laborer, a track-worker, and a conductor were all fellow-servants.
Our conclusion is, that on the facts of this case as presented in the complaint, the deceased and the conductor were persons "employed by the same employer in the same general business," within the meaning of section 1970 of the Civil Code, and that therefore the defendant is not liable for the death of the one caused by the negligence of the other.
Judgment affirmed.