Summary
explaining that a court should construe an exclusion provision narrowly, in favor of coverage
Summary of this case from Munich Reinsurance Am., Inc. v. Am. Nat'l Ins. Co.Opinion
Argued November 16, 1989
Decided December 19, 1989
Appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Fourth Judicial Department, Wayne A. Feeman, Jr., J.
Kenneth W. Knapp for appellant.
Chris G. Trapp for respondent.
MEMORANDUM.
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs to plaintiff, and judgment should be granted in plaintiff's favor declaring that defendant is obligated to defend and indemnify plaintiff.
Plaintiff's 14-year-old son was operating plaintiff's three-wheel all-terrain vehicle when he collided with a pickup truck and sustained serious leg injuries. Plaintiff brought suit against the owner and operator of the truck, who interposed a counterclaim alleging plaintiff was negligent in that he "permitted and allowed an improperly equipped motor vehicle to be operated upon the public highway" and "entrusted a dangerous instrumentality to [the minor] knowing [he] was unfit and unqualified to properly handle * * * [the vehicle]". Plaintiff sought defense and indemnification from his own homeowner's insurer on the counterclaim. The insurer disclaimed and the insured sought declaratory judgment relief.
The homeowner's insurance policy provides coverage for all personal liability but excludes occurrences "arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of * * * a motor vehicle". The view that this case "arises out of the ownership and use of a motor vehicle" (dissenting opn, at 749) is flawed. The focus of this dispute is the insured father's alleged negligent entrustment to his son of the motor vehicle, a claimed dangerous instrumentality. It is not directly related to the plaintiff's son's negligent operation of the vehicle.
The exclusion from coverage — always as a matter of interpretation construed strictly against the insurer — is governed by Lalomia v Bankers Shippers Ins. Co. ( 35 A.D.2d 114, affd 31 N.Y.2d 830), where we held that a cause of action sounding in common-law negligence, predicated on the entrustment of a "motor vehicle", was separate and distinct from claims excluded by a clause virtually identical to the one now at issue. Any minor variation in language between "arising out of" (the one here) and "based directly on" (see, Lalomia v Bankers Shippers Ins. Co., supra, 35 A.D.2d, at 117) is too insignificant to permit varying legal consequences. Since the rule of Lalomia was made 18 years ago, insurers have had an opportunity to clearly exclude claims based on negligent entrustment from coverage in homeowner's liability policies. They cannot be said to have accomplished that significant change by the ambiguous, as used here, "arising out of" language.
Chief Judge WACHTLER and Judges SIMONS, TITONE and BELLACOSA concur in memorandum; Judge KAYE dissents and votes to modify in an opinion in which Judges ALEXANDER and HANCOCK, JR., concur.
Order reversed, etc.
Plaintiff's comprehensive homeowner's policy excludes from coverage all claims for damages "arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of * * * a motor vehicle owned or operated by, or rented or loaned to an insured." Yet contrary to the plain language of the policy, the overwhelming weight of authority throughout the Nation construing such a standard clause, and the conclusion of both lower courts, the majority now holds that plaintiff is covered for a counterclaim charging that he negligently allowed his 14-year-old son to operate an all-terrain vehicle on the public highway. In that this conclusion lacks any sound basis, I respectfully dissent. I would modify the Appellate Division order by granting judgment in defendant's favor declaring that defendant has no obligation to defend or indemnify plaintiff.
Analysis necessarily centers on the language of the policy. The terms of this policy exclusion could not more plainly preclude coverage. Undisputedly, the subject injury arises out of the ownership and use of a motor vehicle owned by plaintiff, and this is precisely what has been excluded in plaintiff's policy. It is well established that the obligation of a liability insurer is determined by its contract (Sperling v Great Am. Indem. Co., 7 N.Y.2d 442, 450), not by the theory of liability asserted against the insured.
Overwhelmingly, courts throughout the country that have construed such a standard policy exclusion have found it applicable to claimed negligent entrustment. Those cases, collected and analyzed in Standard Mut. Ins. Co. v Bailey ( 868 F.2d 893 [7th Cir]), correctly conclude that to hold otherwise requires a misreading of the policy and impermissible enlargement of the contract.
The majority's sole premise for its remarkable conclusion is Lalomia v Bankers Shippers Ins. Co., a case we affirmed on the Appellate Division opinion ( 35 A.D.2d 114, affd 31 N.Y.2d 830). Lalomia held that an insurer's obligation to defend and indemnify against claimed negligent entrustment of a "dangerous instrumentality" was not precluded by the automobile exclusion clause in the homeowner's liability policy. Significantly, however, the language of the exclusion clause in Lalomia was different and narrower than the clause at issue. The clause in Lalomia provided that it "[d]oes not apply * * * to the ownership, maintenance, operation, use, loading or unloading of [a motor vehicle]."
The majority dismisses as insignificant the distinction between damages "arising out of" and damages "directly related to the `ownership, maintenance, operation'" and use of a vehicle (Lalomia v Bankers Shippers Ins. Co., 35 A.D.2d, at 117). As explained in Fillmore v Iowa Natl. Mut. Ins. Co. ( 344 N.W.2d 875, 879 [Minn App]), after decisions like Lalomia, the "arising out of" language was introduced by insurers to broaden the exclusion. The words "arising out of" are hardly ambiguous. When used in an exclusion, they are deemed to be broad, general, comprehensive terms "`ordinarily understood to mean originating from, incident to, or having connection with the use of the vehicle.'" (Aetna Cas. Sur. Co. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 91 A.D.2d 317, 320-321 [quoting 6B Appleman, Insurance Law Practice § 4317, at 360-363 (rev ed)]; see also, 12 Couch, Cyclopedia of Insurance Law § 45:61, at 294-296 [2d ed].) Indeed, this very difference in policy language has often been recognized as a basis for distinguishing Lalomia (e.g., Standard Mut. Ins. Co. v Bailey, 868 F.2d 893, 899-900, n 9; Farmers Ins. Group v Nelsen, 78 Or. App. 213, 715 P.2d 492, 494; see also, State Farm Fire Cas. Co. v Wolford, 116 A.D.2d 1011; Ruggerio v Aetna Life Cas. Co., 107 A.D.2d 744 [Titone, J.P., participating]; Matter of Duncan Petroleum Transp. v Aetna Ins. Co., 61 N.Y.2d 665, affg on opn at 96 A.D.2d 942; Fillmore v Iowa Natl. Mut. Ins. Co., supra, at 878-879; Huggins v Tri-County Bonding Co., 337 S.E.2d 12, 17 [W Va]).
While I believe that Lalomia has been and is correctly distinguished on its facts, I would urge finally that, if deemed indistinguishable, the proper course is to overrule it — not to extend it, as the majority now does.