Opinion
April 22, 1952.
July 17, 1952.
Criminal law — Rape — Woman child under sixteen — Reputation — Specific acts of misconduct — Unchastity resulting from defendant's acts — Charge to jury — Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872.
1. Under the Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872 (which provides that upon the trial of any defendant charged with the unlawful carnal knowledge and abuse of a woman child under the age of sixteen years, if the jury shall find that such woman child was not of good repute, and that the carnal knowledge was with her consent, the defendant shall be acquitted of rape, and be convicted of fornication), it is the repute of the girl which constitutes a defense and not her acts, and the question is what she is reputed to be, not what she actually is.
2. Specific acts of misconduct are inadmissible in criminal actions to prove a bad general reputation.
3. On appeal by defendant from conviction and sentence on an indictment charging him with carnal knowledge and abuse of his stepdaughter, who was under the age of sixteen, it was Held, upon consideration of the charge as a whole, that the court below had not erred in charging the jury that, if it found that the unchastity of the prosecutrix resulted from defendant's acts, he could not come into court and rely upon the bad reputation that he had given her to relieve him from his responsibilities for the offense.
4. Commonwealth v. Howe, 42 Pa. Super. 136, distinguished.
Criminal law — Practice — Indictment — Date of offense — Election of Commonwealth — Witnesses — Jurors — Duplicity of count — Two offenses arising from single act — Rape and incest.
5. It was Held in the circumstances that the court below had not committed reversible error and that the defendant had not been prejudiced by refusal of the court below to require that the Commonwealth elect a date certain upon which it intended to rely for conviction.
6. Jurors are not incompetent as witnesses in either criminal or civil issues.
7. Knowledge of the facts of a case does not disqualify a juror as a witness.
8. When two or more offenses arise from a single act or transaction, or are closely related, they may be joined in one count of an indictment.
9. In this case, it was Held that the offenses of rape and incest arose from a single act, and that the indictment was not duplicitous because it charged both the offenses in one count.
Before RHODES, P.J., HIRT, RENO, DITHRICH, ROSS and GUNTHER, JJ. (ARNOLD, J., absent).
Appeal, No. 87, April T., 1952, from judgment of Court of Oyer and Terminer of Crawford County, Sept. Sessions, 1951, No. 40, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Ray Sutton. Judgment affirmed.
Indictment charging defendant with incestuous statutory rape. Before MOOK, P.J.
F. Joseph Thomas, for appellant.
P. Richard Thomas, Assistant District Attorney, with him Raymond P. Shafer, District Attorney, for appellee.
Argued April 22, 1952.
Verdict of guilty and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
In this criminal case, the defendant, Ray Sutton, was tried and convicted under an indictment which charged that on June 24, 1951, he did "unlawfully carnally know and abuse [his step-daughter] one Carol Penniman, also known as Carol Sutton, she being under the age of sixteen years and she being the daughter of the wife of Ray Sutton". After his motion for a new trial was refused and sentence imposed, the defendant took this appeal.
The Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, sec. 721, 18 PS sec. 4721, provides as follows: "Upon the trial of any defendant charged with the unlawful carnal knowledge and abuse of a woman child under the age of sixteen (16) years, if the jury shall find that such woman child was not of good repute, and that the carnal knowledge was with her consent, the defendant shall be acquitted of rape, and be convicted of fornication." It is the repute of the girl which constitutes a defense, not her acts, and the question is what she is reputed to be, not what she actually is. Com. v. Wink, 170 Pa. Super. 96, 84 A.2d 398; Com. v. Stewart, 110 Pa. Super. 279, 168 A. 528. Specific acts of misconduct are inadmissible in criminal actions to prove a bad general reputation. Com. v. Lyons, 142 Pa. Super. 54, 15 A.2d 851.
The appellant's first and principal contention is that the trial court erred in its charge to the jury relative to the repute of the victim of the offense. During the course of the charge the court stated: "And the defendant, if you would find her unchastity arose from his acts, cannot then come into court and rely upon that bad reputation that he gave her, in order to relieve him from any of his responsibilities for the offense. In other words, if you would find that he debauched her, and that she thereby from that relationship acquired a bad reputation, that would not benefit him in any way." The appellant contends that under the authority of Com. v. Howe, 42 Pa. Super. 136, this portion of the court's charge was reversible error, but with this contention we cannot agree.
In the Howe case, in reversing the trial court, we held that the defense of ill repute was not adequately brought to the attention of the jury; that from the charge the jury "would be probably led to conclude" that the only available defense was the denial of the commission of the act; that the court erred in charging that by bad repute "is meant bad repute prior to the time of any unlawful relations that she might have had with defendant", stating at page 143: "The period referred to in the statute as the time when the woman-child was not of good repute is the time when the act was committed which constitutes the crime. . . . . To permit an inquiry as to how this repute became established would introduce an issue in the case entirely apart from the charge in the indictment and one not warranted by the statute. . . . [page 144] . . . Under the charge the jury could have been satisfied that the girl was not a person of good repute and still have convicted the defendant, because they inferred or believed that her reputation grew out of her relation with the defendant before the crime set forth in the indictment was committed." (Italics supplied.)
From a reading of the charge in the instant case, it is clear that the trial judge committed none of the errors that were present in the Howe case. Here the learned court below instructed the jury that even if appellant had sexual relations with the prosecuting witness he could not be convicted of rape if she was of bad repute and if such relations were had with her consent. The jury was told that "bad repute means her reputation in the community where she lives for being an unchaste woman"; and were reminded that "a number of witnesses" had testified that they had known the child for some time and that she was "a woman of bad repute". Finally, the court underscored the benefits accorded to the defendant by the proviso of section 721 by stating that if the jury found "by the weight and preponderance of the testimony" that the child was of bad repute "at the time the defendant is charged with having relations with her", on June 24, 1951, "then you must find him not guilty of rape". Furthermore, the portion of the charge, to which appellant particularly objects, relative to his benefiting from his own wrongdoing, is — as stated by Judge MOOK in his opinion — taken from Com. v. San Juan et al., 129 Pa. Super. 179, 195 A. 433, where we stated at page 185: "We have held that proof of specific acts tending to show bad character is inadmissible: Com. v. Stewart, 110 Pa. Super. 279, 168 A. 528. In Com. v. Howe, supra, [ 35 Pa. Super. 554] it was said: `Her acts of unchastity prior to the time covered by the indictment disclosed by her own admissions, were not evidence that she was not of good repute for chastity.' It follows that her admissions of acts of unchastity covered by the indictment are not evidence that she was not of good repute. As the court below well said: `They can not come in this court now and say that they debauched her and that by reason of their acts she became of ill repute.'" (Italics supplied).
We think that the charge of the trial court in this case was fair and complete and that it afforded appellant every advantage to which he was entitled by the statute.
The appellant contends that the court below erred in refusing to require the Commonwealth to elect a date certain upon which it intended to rely for a conviction. The indictment charged that the offense occurred "on the twenty-fourth day of June" 1951. At the trial it appeared that the date specified in the indictment was the date of the last act of intercourse. The prosecuting witness testified that she had intercourse with the defendant "on or about the 24th day of June, 1951". June 24, 1951 was a Sunday.
Although the appellant admits that the Commonwealth had a right to allege a date in the indictment and to prove any other date within the statutory limits ( Com. v. Neff, 149 Pa. Super. 513, 27 A.2d 737) he contends that since evidence was introduced of acts of intercourse between the prosecuting witness and himself covering a period of two years, the Commonwealth at the close of its case should have fixed a date certain upon which it relied for a conviction so that he might present an alibi for that date if he could do so. The answer to this contention is twofold: First, at all times the Commonwealth relied upon the date of June 24, 1951, and second, the appellant did present evidence to establish an alibi for that date, but the jury rejected this evidence. Assuming arguendo that the Commonwealth should have elected "a date certain" upon which it intended to rely for a conviction, the appellant was not prejudiced by its failure to do so.
The jury in this case was selected on voir dire and a Mrs. Madeline Ewing was challenged by the Commonwealth. Mrs. Ewing was later called by the Commonwealth to testify as to the bad reputation of the appellant and he contends that the court below erred in permitting this witness to testify. This contention is ruled against him by Com. v. Sullivan, 91 Pa. Super. 544, in which we stated at page 549: "Jurors are not incompetent as witnesses in either criminal or civil issues. They have no interest that disqualifies them and there is no rule of public policy that excludes them. Knowledge of the facts of a case does not disqualify a juror: Howser v. Com., 51 Pa. 332; State v. McDonald, 73 N.C. 346." See also Wigmore on Evidence, 3rd ed., Vol. VI, sec. 1910.
Appellant's final contention is likewise without merit. He contends that the indictment should have been quashed for duplicity because in its one count it charged both incest and rape. "It must be conceded that in criminal pleading, as a general rule, two or more offenses, distinct and unconnected, should be charged in separate counts, and if they are charged in a single count, such count is bad for duplicity. It must also be conceded that when two or more offenses arise from a single act or transaction, or are closely related, they may be joined in one count." Com. v. Hall, 23 Pa. Super. 104, 107. In Com. v. Lewis, 140 Pa. 561, 21 A. 501, a motion was made to quash an indictment charging statutory rape and bastardy in one count. The Supreme Court held there was no error in charging the two offenses in one count stating, inter alia, at page 564: "Here the offence was rape; it involved fornication, and bastardy resulted as an incident. There was but one act charged in the indictment, although it is called by different names, to meet the exigencies of the proofs on the part of the commonwealth." See also, Com. v. Doran, 145 Pa. Super. 173, 20 A.2d 815. In this case it is clear that we have two offenses arising from a single act.
Judgment is affirmed; and it is ordered that appellant, if released on bail, appear in the court below at such time as he may be there called and that he be committed by that court until he shall have complied with his sentence or any part of it which had not been served at the time his appeal was made a supersedeas.