Opinion
April 25, 1938.
June 29, 1938.
Appeals — Parties — Commonwealth — Criminal cases — Trial by judge without a jury — Failure to present evidence — Acts of July 11, 1917, P.L. 773, July 21, 1919, P.L. 1075 and June 11, 1935, P.L. 319.
1. Where defendant was tried before a judge, without a jury, for wilful neglect to support his child born out of wedlock (Act of July 11, 1917, P.L. 773, as amended by the Act of July 21, 1919, P.L. 1075), and the defendant was adjudged not guilty and the county was ordered to pay the costs, an appeal by the Commonwealth was quashed.
2. An appeal by the Commonwealth will not lie from a verdict of acquittal in a criminal prosecution, except in cases where an appeal is allowed by statute.
3. The "verdict" of a judge trying a case without a jury pursuant to the Act of June 11, 1935, P.L. 319, is a determination of fact as well as law with the same force and effect as the verdict of a jury, and if the defendant is acquitted an appeal by the Commonwealth will not lie, except in cases where an appeal is allowed by statute.
4. Where the defendant in a criminal prosecution offers no testimony, such action does not constitute an admission of any facts so as to enable the trial judge to pass upon admitted facts as in a demurrer to the evidence.
Appeal, No. 203, April T., 1938, from order of Q.S. Allegheny Co., June Sessions, 1937, No. 358, in case of Commonwealth v. John Snaman.
Before KELLER, P.J., CUNNINGHAM, BALDRIGE, STADTFELD, PARKER and RHODES, JJ. Appeal quashed.
Indictment for wilful neglect to support child born out of wedlock. Before GARDNER, J., without a jury.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Superior Court.
Defendant adjudged not guilty and county ordered to pay the costs. Commonwealth appealed.
Error assigned, among others, was refusal of new trial.
Louis L. Kaufman, with him Andrew T. Park, District Attorney, and E.T. Adair, Assistant District Attorney, for appellant.
Ralph P. Tannehill, for appellee, was not heard.
Argued April 25, 1938.
Defendant was indicted for wilfully neglecting to support his child born out of wedlock (Act of July 11, 1917, P.L. 773, as amended by the Act of July 21, 1919, P.L. 1075).Pursuant to the Act of June 11, 1935, P.L. 319, the defendant, with the consent of his attorney of record, the judge and the district attorney, waived a trial by jury and elected to be tried by a judge without a jury.
The trial was had before Judge SAMUEL H. GARDNER, who at the conclusion of the case, adjudged the defendant not guilty and ordered the County to pay the costs. The Commonwealth appealed. The appeal will be quashed.
We have ruled in a number of cases (Com. v. Coble, 9 Pa. Super. 215; Com. v. Stillwagon, 13 Pa. Super. 547; Com. v. Weber, 66 Pa. Super. 180; Com. v. Preston, 92 Pa. Super. 159) that an appeal by the Commonwealth will not lie from a verdict of acquittal in a criminal prosecution, except in cases where an appeal is allowed by statute, as in nuisance, forcible entry and detainer, and forcible detainer, by the Act of May 19, 1874, P.L. 219.
By the Act of 1935, supra, the judge, who tries a criminal case, when a jury trial has been waived, is given jurisdiction to hold the trial and to hear, try and determine all issues of law and fact, and to render a general verdict in like manner as if the defendant had put himself "upon the country for trial, and his case were being tried before a jury." The `verdict' of the judge so trying the case has the same force and effect as the verdict of a jury. It is a determination of fact as well as law, and if the defendant is acquitted an appeal by the Commonwealth will not lie any more than in the case of an acquittal by a jury.
The defendant did not demur to the evidence. He simply offered no testimony, which is an entirely different thing. Upon a demurrer to the evidence in a criminal case the judge is not a trier of fact: Com. v. Smith, 97 Pa. Super. 157, 161; Com. v. Williams, 71 Pa. Super. 311, 313. He only applies the law to the facts admitted by the demurrer. The defendant in this case admitted no facts; he did not choose to present testimony — which admits nothing. If there is no serious dispute as to the facts in a criminal case being tried by a judge, on waiver of a jury trial, and the trial judge is of opinion that legal questions are involved which should be passed upon by an appellate court, he should adjudge the defendant guilty, which will permit the defendant to bring the questions before the appellate court on appeal; but, just as in trials by jury, a verdict of not guilty or acquittal is final and no appeal by the Commonwealth lies, unless specially authorized by statute, which is wanting here.
The appeal is quashed.