Summary
In Ross our Supreme Court explained that an exception to the general rule exists insofar as the courts have held that if a witness is under indictment for the same crime, or a crime growing out of it, or a crime closely related to the very offense for which the defendant is being tried, so as to form part of the same occurrence, then evidence of this indictment is relevant as bearing on the witness' interest in the immediate matter.
Summary of this case from Com. v. LongOpinion
November 13, 1968.
April 23, 1969.
Criminal Law — Evidence — Impeaching credibility of witness — Inquiry as to arrest of witness — Arrest for crime growing out of offense for which defendant is being tried.
1. Evidence that a witness who has testified in a criminal prosecution was arrested for the same crime, or a crime growing out of it, or a crime closely related to the very offense for which the defendant is being tried, is not relevant to impeach the credibility of the witness. [170]
Criminal Law — Practice — Charge to jury — Absence of duty to retreat from attack in home — Alleged assailant not intruder.
2. On appeal by defendants following conviction of aggravated assault and battery, assault and battery, and assault with intent to murder, defendants' contention, that the charge to the jury was inadequate because it failed to include an instruction that the defendants were under no duty to retreat from an attack in their own home, was Held to be without merit, where it appeared that the alleged assailant was not an intruder in defendants' home.
Argued November 13, 1968. Before BELL, C. J., JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 418, Jan. T., 1968, from order of Superior Court, Oct. T., 1967, Nos. 980, 1018, and 1019, affirming judgment of Court of Quarter Sessions of Philadelphia County, March T., 1967, No. 935, in cases of Commonwealth v. Emma Ross, and Same v. Tony Ross. Order of Superior Court in case of Tony Ross affirmed; in case of Emma Ross, order of Superior Court and judgment of court of original jurisdiction vacated and record remanded.
Same case in Superior Court: 211 Pa. Super. 488.
Indictments charging defendants with assault and battery, aggravated assault and battery, and assault and battery with intent to murder. Before GUTOWICZ, J.
Verdicts of guilty and judgment of sentence thereon. Defendants appealed to Superior Court, which affirmed per curiam, dissenting opinion by HOFFMAN, J. Appeal by defendants to Supreme Court allowed.
Dennis H. Eisman, Assistant Defender, with him Melvin Dildine, Assistant Defender, and Herman I. Pollock, Defender, for appellant.
James D. Crawford, Assistant District Attorney, with him Ivan Michaelson Czap, Assistant District Attorney, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Emma and Tony Ross, husband and wife, were convicted by a jury in Philadelphia of aggravated assault and battery, assault and battery and assault with intent to murder. Post-trial motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were denied. Subsequently, Tony Ross was sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of from 2 to 5 years, and Emma Ross was sentenced to the correctional institution at Muncy under the Act of July 25, 1913, P. L. 1311, as amended, 61 P.S. 566. On appeal to the Superior Court, the judgments of sentence were affirmed, Judge HOFFMAN dissenting. We allowed allocatur.
That the evidence was sufficient to warrant the convictions is not questioned. Certainly from that evidence, the jury could find that, without provocation, Tony Ross attacked Lucius Whitaker, a long-time friend and a frequent visitor in the Ross home, with a knife and inflicted severe and serious stab wounds upon his body. The jury could also find that while Whitaker was struggling with Tony Ross in an effort to protect himself, Emma Ross stabbed Whitaker in the back with a tenpenny nail. It is, however, asserted that two trial errors necessitate a reversal of the judgments and a retrial.
At trial Tony Ross did not testify personally. However, Emma Ross did testify and her version of the occurrence differed substantially from that given by Whitaker. She stated that Whitaker was under the influence of intoxicants at the time and that he suddenly jumped upon her husband and struck him with a gun, and that he then shot her in the neck and arm. During his testimony, Whitaker denied that he had a gun or that he saw one at any time during the assault.
During Whitaker's cross-examination, the appellants' counsel attempted to inquire whether or not Whitaker had been arrested by the police and charged with shooting Emma Ross on the occasion involved. An objection to this line of inquiry was sustained. It is now urged that this constituted prejudicial error and denied the appellants their right to place before the jury facts which might tend to impeach the witness' credibility.
The fact that a witness who has testified in a criminal prosecution has been convicted of a felony or of a misdemeanor in the nature of crimen falsi may be brought out as bearing on his credibility. Commonwealth v. Jones, 334 Pa. 321, 5 A.2d 804 (1939). As a general rule, however, there must be a conviction of the felony or misdemeanor before such evidence is relevant, because there is a vast difference between a conviction and a mere accusation. An inquiry as to a mere arrest or indictment is not permitted because an arrest or an indictment does not establish guilt, and the reception of such evidence would merely constitute the reception of somebody's hearsay assertion of the witness' guilt. 3 Wigmore, Evidence § 980(a) (3d ed. 1940). However, our courts have recognized an exception to this rule and have held that if a witness is under indictment for the same crime, or a crime growing out of it, or a crime closely related to the very offense for which the defendant is being tried, so as to form part of the same occurrence, then evidence of his indictment is relevant as bearing on the witness' interest in the immediate matter. Commonwealth v. Mulroy, 154 Pa. Super. 410, 36 A.2d 337 (1944). Cf. also Commonwealth v. Gable, 171 Pa. Super. 468, 90 A.2d 301 (1952).
In the instant case, the appellants, although recognizing that Whitaker was not under indictment for any crime at the time he testified, and therefore, that Commonwealth v. Mulroy, supra, does not control, still maintain there is no logical reason in this case for distinguishing the situation where an individual is merely under arrest from the situation where he is already under indictment.
Where a person is indicted for a crime, at least a prima facie case of guilt has been established before a grand jury. This is not so in the case of a mere arrest. Moreover, the holding in Mulroy, supra, is an exception to the established rule that evidence, such as here involved, is relevant only if a conviction has resulted. As noted before, this general principle is based on sound reasons. We see no good reason why the exception should be extended in scope and can visualize several reasons why it should not be extended.
Appellants also argue that the charge to the jury was inadequate because it failed to include an instruction that the defendants were under no duty to retreat from an attack in their own home. This, of course, is the law if the attacker is an intruder or not a member of the household. Commonwealth v. Wilkes, 414 Pa. 246, 199 A.2d 411 (1964), and Commonwealth v. Fraser, 369 Pa. 273, 85 A.2d 126 (1952). The evidence, however, is clear that Whitaker was not an intruder in the Ross home.
We find nothing in the record to upset the conviction and judgment of sentence in the case of Tony Ross, or in the conviction of Emma Ross. However, the judgment of sentence entered against Emma Ross must be vacated. See Commonwealth v. Daniel, 430 Pa. 642, 243 A.2d 400 (1968).
The order of the Superior Court in the case of Tony Ross is affirmed. In the case of Emma Ross, the order of the Superior Court and the judgment of sentence entered in the court of original jurisdiction are vacated, and the record is remanded to the last mentioned court with directions to impose a valid sentence.