Summary
In Commonwealth v. Paul, 177 Pa. Super. 289, 111 A.2d 374 (1955), the defendant asserted for the first time on appeal a due process challenge against a criminal statute making the operation or conduct of a lottery a misdemeanor.
Summary of this case from Com. v. HashemOpinion
October 1, 1954.
January 14, 1955.
Criminal law — Lottery — "Concerned in" — Due process — Constitutional law — Penal Code.
1. Under § 601 of The Penal Code of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872 (which provides that any person who erects, sets up, opens, makes, or draws any lottery, or is in any way "concerned in" the managing, conducting, or carrying on the same, is guilty of a misdemeanor), "concerned in" means being substantially engaged in or taking part in.
2. On appeal by defendant after conviction on an indictment, under § 601 of The Penal Code, charging him with being concerned in the managing, conducting, and carrying on of a lottery, a contention by defendant that the language "concerned in" was so broad that it failed to define any crime and that his conviction under it was a violation of due process, was Held to be without merit.
Statutes — Constitutionality — Criminal prosecution — Necessity of showing rights affected by statute — Vague terms — Meaning in context — Common understanding — Penal statutes — Presumption of legislative intention — Absurd result.
3. In a criminal prosecution, a defendant who questions the constitutionality of a statute or an ordinance must show that his rights are adversely affected by it, and, more particularly, that his rights are thus affected by the particular feature of the statute alleged to be in conflict with the constitution; it is not sufficient that the statute may impair the rights of others.
4. A statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application violates due process of law; but where the words assailed, taken in connection with the context, are commonly understood, their use does not render a statute invalid.
5. Penal statutes must be strictly construed but construed with common sense.
6. In construing a statute, it must be presumed that the legislature did not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or unreasonable.
Appeals — Matters not raised in court below — Constitutional matters.
7. Matters not raised in, or considered by, the court below cannot be invoked on appeal; and this rule applies even when the question belatedly raised is a constitutional one.
Before RHODES, P.J., HIRT, ROSS, GUNTHER, WRIGHT, WOODSIDE and ERVIN, JJ.
Appeal, No. 191, Oct. T., 1954, from judgment of Court of Quarter Sessions of Philadelphia County, Feb. T., 1954, No. 880, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Julius J. Paul. Judgment affirmed.
Indictment charging defendant with being concerned in the managing, conducting and carrying on of an illegal lottery. Before McKENRICK, J.
Verdict of guilty and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Garfield W. Levy, for appellant.
Samuel Dash, Assistant District Attorney, with him Christopher F. Edley, Assistant District Attorney, Michael von Moschzisker, First Assistant District Attorney, and Richardson Dilworth, District Attorney, for appellee.
Argued October 1, 1954.
Julius J. Paul, was indicted under Section 601 of the Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, 18 PS sec. 4601, on a charge of being concerned in the "managing, conducting and carrying on" of a lottery . . . Paul was brought to trial before a judge sitting without a jury, was convicted and sentenced and thereafter took this appeal from the refusal of a new trial.
In support of his motion for a new trial the defendant advanced the usual reasons that the verdict was against the law and the weight of the evidence. His present position is that "having been convicted under a statute which fails to meet the requirements of Due Process," he is entitled to have his "conviction reversed." It is settled law that matters not raised in, or considered by, the court below cannot be invoked on appeal: Commonwealth v. Neuman, 151 Pa. Super. 642, 30 A.2d 698; Commonwealth v. Schuster, 158 Pa. Super. 164, 44 A.2d 303; Commonwealth v. DiCarlo, 174 Pa. Super. 611, 101 A.2d 410. This rule applies even when, as here, the question belatedly raised is a constitutional one. Montgomery County Bar Association v. Rinalducci, 329 Pa. 296, 197 A. 924; Muse-Art Corp. v. Philadelphia, 373 Pa. 329, 95 A.2d 542; Commonwealth v. Klick, 164 Pa. Super. 449, 65 A.2d 440.
We could, of course, dispose of this appeal by invoking the rule above stated. We prefer, however, to consider the question raised by the defendant as if it had been properly raised in the court below.
Section 601 of The Penal Code of 1939, supra, provides that any person who "erects, sets up, opens, makes or draws any lottery, or is in any way concerned in the managing, conducting or carrying on the same, is guilty of a misdemeanor" (italics supplied). The defendant contends that "the language `concerned in' is so broad that it fails to properly define any crime, and that appellant's conviction under it is, consequently, a violation of Due Process of law which is protected by XIVth Amendment to the United States Constitution" and in support of this contention calls our attention to the several definitions of the verb "concern" and suggests that the legislature may have intended to impose punitive sanctions upon persons who have some "sympathy" or "solicitude" for the "existence" and "success" of a lottery. In such case, the defendant argues, a druggist who enjoys more business because of nearby "actively operated numbers business" and the wife of a numbers operator "who received greater comfort and luxury" because of her husband's activities would be guilty of a misdemeanor.
The full answer to the defendant's argument is that it completely ignores settled rules of statutory construction. Penal statutes must be strictly construed but construed with common sense. It must be presumed that the legislature did not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable. Commonwealth v. Gill, 166 Pa. Super. 223, 229, 70 A.2d 700. Duddy v. Conshohocken Ptg. Co., 163 Pa. Super. 150, 60 A.2d 394.
Furthermore, the defendant must confine his complaint to the statute as it applies to him. He cannot become the self-appointed champion of the supposed rights of others. "In all criminal prosecutions accused, to entitle him to raise the question of the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance, must show that his rights are adversely affected by it; and, more particularly, that his rights are thus affected by the particular feature of the statute alleged to be in conflict with the constitution. It is not sufficient that the statute may impair the rights of others." 16 C.J.S. sec. 84, pages 176-177. In the case at bar, the "particular feature of the statute alleged to be in conflict with the constitution" is, according to defendant, a "lack of definiteness". If the defendant is to be harmed by the statute, and thus have standing to attack it on constitutional grounds, it must appear that, but for the failure of the statute to clearly define a standard of conduct, his acts would not have come within its purview. It avails the defendant nothing to suggest that a distorted construction of the statutory language might impair the rights of others. We will decide the cases of the druggist and the numbers writer's wife in the unlikely event that they arise.
"In 12 Am. Jur., Constitutional Law, § 585, the universally accepted rule is thus stated: `It is a general principle of statutory law that a statute must be definite to be valid. A statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application violates the first essential of due process of law. On the other hand, where the words assailed, taken in connection with the context, are commonly understood, their use does not render a statute invalid.'" Commonwealth v. Klick, 164 Pa. Super. 449, 453, supra.
No person "of common intelligence must necessarily guess" that a numbers writer is "concerned in the management, conducting or carrying on" a lottery.
The defendant by the use of definitions of or synonyms for "concern" which produce absurd results has attempted to establish that the language employed in section 601 is vague and indefinite. Very few words the legislature could have chosen would not lend themselves to this approach. It is crystal clear, however, that the legislature used "concerned in" to mean "being substantially engaged in or taking part in" (Black's Law Dictionary, Third Edition) and so any person of common intelligence would have understood it.
Judgment of sentence is affirmed, and it is ordered that the appellant appear in the court below at such time as he may be there called, and that he be by that court committed until he has complied with his sentence, or any part of it which had not been performed at the time the appeal was made a supersedeas.