Opinion
No. 92-P-1280.
December 10, 1993.
Practice, Criminal, Grand jury proceedings, Conduct of prosecutor. Grand Jury. Evidence, Grand jury proceedings, Relevancy and materiality. Rape.
Eric Brandt, Committee for Public Counsel Services, for the defendant.
David R. Marks, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
The defendant moved to dismiss an indictment for rape (G.L.c. 265, § 22[ b]) handed up by the grand jury against him. He claims that because the prosecutor intentionally presented improper "propensity" evidence, "the integrity of the grand jury proceedings has been impaired" ( Commonwealth v. Gibson, 368 Mass. 518, 525 [1975]), thereby violating his right under art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights to an unbiased grand jury. See Attorney Gen. v. Pelletier, 240 Mass. 264, 307-308 (1922). See also in this regard Commonwealth v. Mayfield, 398 Mass. 615, 621-622 (1986).
Again, an appellate court is unnecessarily placed in a position where it must decide whether the conduct of a prosecutor was "contrived unfairness" or careless preparation. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Young, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 452, 457 (1986) (Brown, J., concurring).
The Commonwealth's favorite euphemism for such conduct is "regrettable misstep." See Commonwealth v. Harris, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 724, 736 n. 4 (1990) (Brown, J., dissenting), S.C., 409 Mass. 461 (1991).
The defendant argues that a grand juror's questions to a police officer witness, coming after the complainant's testimony had been concluded, suggest that at least that juror was less than entirely satisfied with the complainant's account standing alone. The first such question sought additional information about the "results from [the complainant's] examination at the hospital," and the second and third questions inquired whether a particular person who had accompanied the complainant to the police (someone acquainted with both the complainant and the defendant) "knew anything about this man [the defendant]." Specifically, the juror asked "if he [the defendant] had done anything like that before" (emphasis added). None of these questions, so the argument goes, would have yielded any direct corroboration of the complainant's story. See Commonwealth v. Brien, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 914, 915 (1984).
"In presenting cases to the grand jury the prosecutor . . . must scrupulously refrain from words or conduct that will . . . tend to induce action other than that which the jurors in their uninfluenced judgment deem warranted on the evidence fairly presented before them." Commonwealth v. Favulli, 352 Mass. 95, 106 (1967). The prosecutor's conduct before the grand jury here barely falls within permissible limits. See Commonwealth v. Mayfield, 398 Mass. at 622 n. 3. In response to the assistant district attorney's question whether the defendant was "alone or was he with anyone at [the] time" of his arrest, the police officer witness responded that "[a]t that time, I noticed that he [the defendant] was with another young man who was sleeping in the same [small] bed that [the defendant] was sleeping in when we came in." The defendant asserts that this irrelevant inquiry was a transparent "attempt to whet the [grand] jurors' appetite with information which could not [itself] serve as a basis for an indictment." Commonwealth v. Freeman, 407 Mass. 279, 283 (1990), quoting from Commonwealth v. Saya, 14 Mass. App. Ct. 509, 516-517 (1982) (Brown, J., concurring).
The complainant had previously testified that he and the defendant slept in the same "small" bed. The arresting officer also testified that the defendant had a "very small" bed — apparently "just a single bed."
Even if the defendant is able to make "a showing that [the challenged] evidence was given to the grand jury knowingly and for the purpose of obtaining an indictment," the defendant must make a further showing that the presentation of that "evidence probably influenced the grand jury's determination to hand up an indictment." Commonwealth v. Mayfield, 398 Mass. at 621. To meet these tests, the defendant attempts, as he must, to show that the evidence not only "was material to the question of probable cause but that, on the entire grand jury record, the [questioned] testimony probably made a difference." Id. at 622.
We think that in all the circumstances the witness's unresponsive answer was not "likely to have made a difference in the grand jury's determination." Commonwealth v. Champagne, 399 Mass. 80, 84 (1987). See also Commonwealth v. Freeman, 407 Mass. at 282-284. We are troubled, however, that here, unlike in Champagne, the challenged statement was not "made in response to a question from a grand juror." Commonwealth v. Champagne, supra. See Commonwealth v. Freeman, 407 Mass. at 284 n. 5. The defendant has come very close to making the requisite showing for a determination that the prosecutor played an "ignoble part" ( Commonwealth v. Lincoln, 368 Mass. 281, 285 [1975]); however, our reading of the "entire grand jury record" does not leave us with a firm belief that the Commonwealth's conduct was for the purpose of "influencing the grand jury to return an indictment which it would not otherwise have returned" ( Commonwealth v. Pond, 24 Mass. App. Ct. 546, 552 [1987]), or some such deceptive act as would require us to conclude that the integrity of the grand jury proceedings has been impaired. See Commonwealth v. Freeman, 407 Mass. at 283-284, and cases cited and contrasted. This was merely a case of needless but dangerous overkill. Cf. Commonwealth v. Redmond, 370 Mass. 591, 597 (1976) (the prosecutor "deliberately sailed unnecessarily close to the wind").
Although we are aware of the Supreme Judicial Court's language in Commonwealth v. Mayfield, 398 Mass. at 621, concerning Commonwealth v. Reddington, 395 Mass. 315, 319 (1985), we do think there are circumstances, i.e., trickery, lack of good faith or reckless disregard for the grand jury process on the part of the Commonwealth, that would warrant dismissal of an indictment. Judges must "insist that the Commonwealth take care to behave itself." Commonwealth v. Tirrell, 382 Mass. 502, 513 (1981) (Kaplan, J., dissenting).
We are, of course, aware that "[t]o the general principle that evidence of prior bad acts and subsequent bad acts ought not to be admitted to show propensity to commit a crime, [citation omitted], there is, among others, an exception which allows the use of such evidence to prove a common scheme or pattern of operations." Commonwealth v. Odell, 34 Mass. App. Ct. 100, 103 (1993). Here, however, our focus is on the potential undue prejudicial effect of the prosecutor's conduct, not on the relevance and materiality of the particular evidence, which, in our view, is slight or none.
Judgment affirmed.