Opinion
May 3, 1968.
Criminal law — Constitutional law — Trial — Admission of constitutionally tained evidence — Harmless error — Test — Rule of Chapman v. California.
1. Where constitutionally inadmissible evidence is introduced against the defendant who is on trial charged with a criminal offense, in order for this violation of the federal constitution to be considered harmless error under the rule announced in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; and the burden of proving that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt rests with the prosecution. [648]
2. Commonwealth v. Pearson, 427 Pa. 45, followed. [648] Supreme Court — Reversal of decision — Necessity for written opinion — Act of May 11, 1871, P. L. 266.
3. In any case in which a reversal is entered by the Supreme Court the Court is statutorily required to file a written opinion containing the reasons for that reversal: Act of May 11, 1871, P. L. 266, § 1. [647]
Before BELL, C. J., MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 360, Jan. T., 1968, from order of Superior Court, Oct. T., 1967, No. 668, affirming judgment of sentence of Court of Oyer and Terminer of Philadelphia County, Sept. T., 1965, No. 322, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Frank Miller. Order of Superior Court reversed, judgment of sentence of lower court vacated, and record remanded to lower court with instructions.
Same case in Superior Court: 211 Pa. Super. 311.
Indictment charging defendant with robbery. Before DOTY, J.
Verdict of guilty and judgment of sentence entered. Defendant appealed to Superior Court which affirmed judgment, opinion per curiam; dissenting opinion by HOFFMAN, J. Petition for allocatur granted by Supreme Court.
Leon W. Silverman, for appellant.
Michael J. Rotko, Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Appellant Frank Miller was convicted of robbery. An appeal to the Superior Court resulted in a per curiam affirmance of this conviction. See Commonwealth v. Miller, 211 Pa. Super. 311, 235 A.2d 167 (1967) (HOFFMAN, J., dissenting). We then granted allocatur. After allocatur was granted, the Commonwealth filed a petition with this Court requesting that the order of the Superior Court be reversed, the judgment of sentence vacated and a new trial granted to appellant. We agree that such a course is proper. However, in any case in which a reversal is entered by this Court, we are statutorily required to file a written opinion containing the reasons for that reversal. Act of May 11, 1871, P. L. 266, § 1, 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 91. We shall do so as briefly as possible.
During appellant's robbery trial, he admitted driving the get-away car for one Rudy Tilghman but denied any participation in the offense. Miller insisted that he first met Tilghman on the day of the robbery and that he did not recall ever having seen him before that particular day. By way of rebuttal the Commonwealth called a detective who testified that while appellant was in custody he admitted having previously known Tilghman. This aspect of the Commonwealth's rebuttal was twice mentioned in the trial judge's charge. The jury was informed that one of the questions it would have to resolve was whether appellant knew Tilghman prior to the day of the robbery. It is undisputed that the statement given by appellant to which the detective testified and the trial judge twice referred was obtained without the warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966).
In Commonwealth v. Padgett, 428 Pa. 229, 237 A.2d 209 (1968) we dealt with the issue of the admissibility of a statement procured in the absence of Escobedo or Miranda warnings and held that such a statement was inadmissible though used for the limited purpose of impeaching credibility. However, we also held in Padgett that evidentiary use of a statement violative of Miranda could constitute harmless error under Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824 (1967) and Commonwealth v. Pearson, 427 Pa. 45, 233 A.2d 552 (1967). The issue thus presented is whether admission of the detective's testimony (over objection of appellant's counsel) was harmless error.
Chapman mandates that an error of constitutional magnitude can be deemed harmless only if the court is convinced that the error "was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." We are not so convinced and thus must grant appellant a new trial. This Court stressed in Pearson (where we held the error harmful) that the trial judge in his charge referred to the constitutionally inadmissible evidence while in Padgett (error held harmless) we noted that there was no reference in the charge to the unconstitutionally procured statement. Similarly, the constitutionally inadmissible evidence in Pearson played a substantial role in the Commonwealth's trial strategy; in Padgett, the defendant's statement was employed only briefly and varied with defendant's trial testimony on two immaterial points. Given both the fact that the trial judge in the present case made reference in his charge to appellant's unconstitutionally procured statement and that the statement was used to contradict appellant on a material point, we believe that Pearson controls and therefore a new trial is required.
The order of the Superior Court is reversed, the judgment of sentence of the Court of Oyer and Terminer of Philadelphia County is vacated and the record is remanded to the Court of Oyer and Terminer with instructions to award appellant a new trial.