Opinion
April 10, 1974.
June 21, 1974.
Criminal Law — Practice — Trial judge questioning prosecution witness — Lack of prejudice to defendant — Inherent right of trial judge to question witnesses.
1. In this case, the trial judge questioned both prosecution and defense witnesses concerning the sequence of events on the night of the crime. Although the questioning of the victim was longer than that of other witnesses, the content and tenor of the questioning of all witnesses indicated an attempt to clarify the events. The defendant's contention that the trial judge's questioning of prosecution witnesses prejudiced his right to have a fair trial was Held to be without merit.
2. The undue interference, impatience, or participation in the examination of witnesses by a trial judge may prevent the proper and unbiased presentation of a case.
3. A trial judge must be ever cautious that his questioning of witnesses not show bias or a belief in the credibility of particular witnesses.
4. A trial judge has the inherent right, and, at times, the duty to question witnesses to clarify existing facts and to elicit new information.
5. Where the objectives of the questioning are to clarify existing facts and to elicit new information and the questioning is not unduly protracted or conducted in a biased manner, the trial judge's discretion in questioning witnesses will not be found erroneous.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ. (CERCONE, J., absent.)
Appeal, No. 36, April T., 1974, from judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Allegheny County, Sept. T., 1972, No. 7063 ABCD, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Larry Lanza, Joseph Maritz, and Michael Woessner. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Indictment charging defendant with armed robbery, kidnapping, violation of the Uniform Firearms Act and assault and battery. Before WESSEL, JR., J.
Verdict of guilty of armed robbery and violation of the Uniform Firearms Act and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
John H. Corbett, Jr., Trial Defender, with him John J. Dean, Chief, Appellate Division, and George H. Ross, Public Defender, for appellant.
Robert L. Campbell, Assistant District Attorney, with him Robert L. Eberhardt, Assistant District Attorney, and Robert W. Duggan, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
CERCONE, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
Argued April 10, 1974.
In this appeal from a judgment of sentence for armed robbery and possession of a firearm without a license, appellant contends that the trial judge's questioning of prosecution witnesses prejudiced his right to a fair and impartial trial by jury.
The prosecution's case rested largely upon the testimony of one of the victims of the robbery which allegedly occurred on July 7, 1972. On that evening the victim, Mr. Musiol, and a companion, Mr. Dillingham, were playing pool at a bar in McKees Rocks, Pa., when one of the appellant's co-defendants asked whether the victims knew where some marijuana could be obtained. Musiol answered that he did not and shortly thereafter, left the bar with Dillingham. As the victims were about to enter Musiol's car, appellant allegedly approached and pressed a gun to the back of Musiol's head and stated: "Don't make a move because my Roscoe is loaded." The victims were forced into the car and Musiol was directed to drive to a baseball field.
Dillingham was not called as a witness at trial.
On the way to the field, the defendants searched the two victims and took $135.00 from Musiol. Not satisfied with this, the defendants demanded that Musiol produce more money. Appellant allegedly placed his belt around Dillingham's neck and told Musiol that if he ever wanted to see Dillingham again, he better come up with more money.
Musiol then drove to his parents' house to obtain more money. When he arrived there, he ran from the car to a neighbor's house and called the police. The defendants then fled with Dillingham still in the car. When police officers spotted it, they blocked the road and stopped the car. The police saw a revolver being thrown from the car and Dillingham jumping from the car crying for help.
The defendants took the stand and gave a different version of the events. They testified that they left the bar with Musiol and Dillingham in order to purchase marijuana, that Dillingham pulled a gun on them demanding the purchase money, that they were able to disarm him after Musiol left the car, and were on their way back to the bar when stopped by the police.
We agree with appellant that "the practice of a judge entering into the trial of a case as an advocate is [to be] emphatically disapproved . . . and that his undue interference, impatience, or participation in the examination of witnesses" may tend to prevent the proper and unbiased presentation of the case. Commonwealth v. Myma, 278 Pa. 505, 508, 509, 123 A. 486 (1924). A trial judge must be ever cautious that his questioning of witnesses not show bias or a belief in the credibility of particular witnesses. Commonwealth v. Miller, 442 Pa. 95, 275 A.2d 328 (1971). However, a trial judge has the inherent right, and, at times, the duty to question witnesses to clarify existing facts and to elicit new information. Commonwealth v. Brown, 438 Pa. 52, 63, 265 A.2d 101 (1970). Where these are the objectives of the questioning and it is not unduly protracted or conducted in a biased manner, the trial judge's discretion in questioning witnesses will not be found erroneous. Commonwealth v. Gockley, 411 Pa. 437, 192 A.2d 693 (1963).
The trial judge in the instant case questioned both prosecution and defense witnesses concerning the sequence of events on the night of the crime. Although the questioning of the victim was longer than that of other witnesses, the content and tenor of the questioning of all witnesses indicate an attempt to clarify the events. We can find nothing in the record to sustain appellant's contention that the trial judge was attempting to convey an impression that he was favorably disposed to the prosecution's version of the crime. Of the 485 pages of trial testimony, the trial judge's questioning of witnesses consisted of only 12 pages. In each instance, defense counsel was given an opportunity to interrogate the witnesses. Under the circumstances, we do not believe that appellant's rights were in any way prejudiced by the judge's questions.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
CERCONE, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.