Opinion
December 8, 1971.
April 13, 1972.
Criminal Law — Search and seizure — Announcement by police of identity and purpose before forcing entry into premises — Exceptions.
1. In executing a search warrant, the requirements that the police officers must first announce their identity and purpose and wait a reasonable time before forcing entry into the premises are subject to the following exceptions: (1) Facts known to the police officer making it virtually certain that the occupants of the premises know their identity and purpose, thus making any announcement a "useless gesture"; (2) Facts indicating the requirement if executed would cause palpable peril to the life and limb of police officers, and (3) Facts known to the officers justifying a reasonable belief that evidence is about to be destroyed.
2. In this case, in which it appeared that a police officer, in civilian clothes, armed with a search warrant for a dwelling, followed a woman to the front door and, when it was opened by defendant to allow her entry, the officer, having his badge in his left hand and the search warrant in his right hand, approached the door and identified himself as a police officer; that he was about to announce his purpose to search the premises when defendant, having observed him, attempted to slam the door in his face; and that the officer put his foot on the threshold to prevent the door from being closed, announced the purpose, and entered the premises and executed the warrant, after which a search of the premises was conducted; it was Held that the search and seizure were not invalid because of the officer placing his foot on the threshold in order to prevent the slamming of the door and then announcing his purpose and entering the premises.
Before WRIGHT, P.J., WATKINS, MONTGOMERY, JACOBS, HOFFMAN, SPAULDING, and CERCONE, JJ.
Appeal, No. 720, Oct. T., 1971, from order of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, Sept. T., 1970, Nos. 619 and 620, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Janice Johnson. Order reversed and case remanded.
Proceedings upon application to suppress evidence. Before McGLYNN, JR., J.
Order entered suppressing evidence. Commonwealth appealed.
James D. Crawford, Deputy District Attorney, with him J. Bruce McKissock and Milton M. Stein, Assistant District Attorneys, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellant.
Robert B. Mozenter, with him Donald C. Marino and Marino and Mozenter, for appellee.
Argued: December 8, 1971.
This is an appeal by the Commonwealth from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Philadelphia County, suppressing all items of evidence which resulted from a search of the premises of the defendant-appellee, Janice Johnson.
On the morning of August 15, 1970, the Philadelphia police, armed with a search and seizure warrant for a dwelling at 3100 J Mountain Drive, Philadelphia, arrived at the premises. The police had the premises under surveillance for approximately one-half hour when they observed a female approaching the residence.
Officer Green followed the woman to the front door and when it was opened by the defendant to allow her entry, he, having his badge in his left hand and the search warrant in his right hand, approached the door and identified himself as a police officer. He was in civilian clothes. He was about to announce his purpose to search the premises when the defendant, having observed him, attempted to slam the door in his face. The officer put his foot on the threshold to prevent the door from being closed, announced his purpose and entered the premises and executed the warrant after which a search of the premises was conducted.
The only question raised before us is whether or not the search and seizure was invalid because of the officer placing his foot on the threshold in order to prevent the slamming of the door and then announcing his purpose and entering the premises. The lower court relies on the recent cases of Commonwealth v. DeMichel, 442 Pa. 553, 277 A.2d 159 (1971); and Commonwealth v. Newman, 429 Pa. 441, 240 A.2d 795 (1968), where the results of the searches were suppressed holding that the entry was unreasonable and, therefore, the search unlawful.
All of the cases which have turned on the entry of the officers into the premises for the purpose of executing a search warrant are based on the reasonableness of the conduct of the officers and have set forth exceptions to the requirements that police officers announce their identity and purpose and await a reasonable time before forcing entry into the premises. These exceptions are: (1) Facts known to the police officers making them virtually certain that the occupants of the premises know their identity and purpose, thus making any announcement a "useless gesture"; (2) Facts indicating the requirement if executed would cause palpable peril to the life and limb of police officers; (3) Facts known to the officers justifying a reasonable belief that evidence is about to be destroyed.
In Commonwealth v. Newman, supra, our Supreme Court held that police officers must make an announcement of purpose and identity prior to forcible entry unless exigent circumstances would justify entry without proper announcement. The Supreme Court noted that "noncompliance [with the announcement requirement] might be excused where the police have valid grounds for being virtually certain that petitioner already knows their purpose." Commonwealth v. Newman, supra at page 447, citing Miller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301 (1958) and Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23 (1963).
In the instant case, the officer had identified himself and was in view of the defendant and the door to the premises was open so that the requirement of waiting a reasonable time before forcing entry to the premises did not exist. The appellee by her conduct in attempting to slam the door after becoming aware of the identity of the police officer showed her intent to bar the entry rather than permit a peaceable entry. Her very action discloses her knowledge of the police purpose to either make an arrest or search the premises. Under these circumstances, for the officer to permit the door to be slammed and locked in his face and then announce his purpose and finally wait a minute or two before forcing entry would have been a "useless gesture". Commonwealth v. McAleese, 214 Pa. Super. 228, 252 A.2d 380 (1969); and United States v. Singleton, 439 F.2d 381, 386 (3d Cir. 1971).
It is clear that exigent circumstances existed in the instant case, when the defendant attempted to bar entry after she learned of his identity. The officer, therefore, was justified in placing his foot in the door prior to the announcement of his purpose. The additional exigent circumstance, in this case, was the probability of the destruction of the contraband sought when the defendant had knowledge of the raid.
The order of the court below suppressing the evidence is reversed and the case remanded for trial.