Opinion
November 25, 1929.
January 6, 1930.
Criminal law — Murder — Evidence — Confession of coconspirators, when not admissible.
1. A confession is evidence only against the person who made it, and will not be admitted to affect others who participated in the crime.
2. When the common enterprise is at an end, whether by accomplishment or abandonment, no one of the conspirators is permitted, by any subsequent act or declaration of his own, to affect the others; his confession, therefore, subsequently made, is not admissible in evidence as such, against any but himself.
3. On an indictment for murder, confessions of two alleged coconspirators not made in the presence of the defendant, are not admissible against him.
Before MOSCHZISKER, C. J., FRAZER, WALLING, SIMPSON, KEPHART, SADLER and SCHAFFER, JJ.
Appeal, No. 246, Jan. T., 1929, by defendant, from judgment of O. T. Phila. Co., May T., 1928, No. 584, on verdict of guilty of murder of first degree, in case of Commonwealth v. James Epps. Reversed.
Indictment for murder. Before SMITH, J.
The opinion of the Supreme Court states the facts.
Verdict of guilty of murder of the first degree with penalty fixed at life imprisonment.
Judgment of sentence was passed. Defendant appealed.
Errors assigned, inter alia, were the admissions of evidence of the confessions of the alleged coconspirators, referring to record.
William T. Kelsh, with him Henry P. Cheatham, for appellant. — Declarations by some of the alleged conspirators after the object of the combination has been obtained, or it has been dissolved, as to what was agreed, or done, could affect them only and not their coconspirators: Com. v. Zuern, 16 Pa. Super. 588; Com. v. Kirkpatrick, 15 Leg. Int. 268; Heine v. Com., 91 Pa. 145; Com. v. Sterling, 10 Lanc. L. Rev. 41; Com. v. Bingle, 62 Pa. Super. 105.
Vincent A. Carroll, Assistant District Attorney, with him W. Curtis Bok, Assistant District Attorney, and John Monaghan, District Attorney, for appellee. — The purpose of introducing the confessions was to show the substantive evidence against Epps contained in them. This purpose failed, however, when Moore and Caldwell denied the truth of their confessions and so became hostile witnesses. When they both contradicted their confessions by testifying that they were not present at the murder, their testimony as a whole became neutralized and of no value as substantive evidence. Their credibility alone was then at stake: Com. v. Touri, 295 Pa. 50; Com. v. Deitrick, 221 Pa. 7; McNerney v. Reading City, 150 Pa. 611; Com. v. Delfino, 259 Pa. 272; Com. v. Reeves, 267 Pa. 361; Com. v. Wickett, 20 Pa. Super. 350.
The order of proof is a matter resting within the discretion of the trial judge, which will not be reversed except for clear error: Com. v. Gormley, 78 Pa. Super. 294.
Argued November 25, 1929.
Appellant was found guilty of murder of the first degree and the punishment meted out to him by the jury was life imprisonment. He challenges his conviction on the ground that the trial judge improperly permitted declarations of two of his alleged accomplices in the crime to be laid before the jury, the declarations having been made by them to police officers, when he was not present, and some days after the homicide.
The two men whose declarations were received had previously been tried for the killing. One was convicted of first degree murder and the other of voluntary manslaughter. They were called by the Commonwealth as witnesses against appellant, and were shown papers by the district attorney, which purported to be confessions made by them to police officers, not in the presence of the defendant, and which implicated him in the killing which took place in the perpetration of a robbery, as the actual slayer. The crime occurred on April 18, 1928; one of the statements was made and signed on May 2d and the other on May 8th. Both of the witnesses denied that they had voluntarily made them and averred that they had been coerced by the fear of physical violence into assenting to them. The assistant district attorney pleaded surprise when these allegations were made (while admitting, however, that he was not surprised, inasmuch as both men had repudiated the statements at their respective trials) and was permitted by the court to examine the witnesses as hostile. In so doing he read to each of them in the presence of the jury the statements which they were said to have made and signed. This was grossly violative of the rights of the accused and the trial judge, instead of permitting such a procedure, should have been alert to prevent it. "A confession is evidence only against the person who made it, and will not be admitted to affect others who participated in the crime. However, if made in the presence of a party to the criminal act, who failed to make any denial of the charge, it may be evidence against him as an admission": Henry's Pennsylvania Trial Evidence, section 121; Matchin v. Matchin, 6 Pa. 332; Fife v. Com., 29 Pa. 429; Com. v. Aston, 227 Pa. 112; 16 C. J. 659; Com. v. Ballon, 229 Pa. 323. "The statements of a coparty __________ are not usable as admissions against a coparty __________ This principle is particularly illustrated by the rule in regard to the admissions of a codefendant in a criminal case; here it has always been conceded that the admission of one is receivable against himself only": Wigmore on Evidence, section 1076; Wharton's Criminal Evidence, 10th ed., page 1430. "When the common enterprise is at an end, whether by accomplishment or abandonment, no one of the conspirators is permitted, by any subsequent act or declaration of his own, to affect the others. His confession, therefore, subsequently made __________ is not admissible in evidence, as such, against any but himself": Wharton's Criminal Evidence, 10th ed., pages 1435-6; Heine v. Com., 91 Pa. 145; Wagner v. Aulenbach, 170 Pa. 495; Com. v. Zuern, 16 Pa. Super. 588. Under these authorities, the written statements of the two witnesses were not admissible against defendant and the use made of them under the guise of cross-examination was most improper.
The assignments of error are sustained and a new trial awarded.