Opinion
48672 No. 0770-92-1
Decided June 15, 1993
(1) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — The child support guidelines are applicable to any proceeding on the issue of determining child support; therefore, the guidelines are applicable to a proceeding brought under the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act.
(2) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — The presumptive amount of child support may be deviated from only upon justification determined from evidence of certain specified factors affecting the obligation, the ability of each party to provide child support, and the best interests of the child; the factors specified do not include the denial of visitation to one parent by the other.
(3) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — Child's financial well-being should not be jeopardized in order to punish a custodial parent for failing to provide the non-custodial parent with visitation; other means exist for enforcing visitation.
(4) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — Interference with visitation or disputes over custody are not defenses to a parent's obligation to pay child support in a proceeding under URESA.
(5) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — A court cannot deviate from the child support guidelines solely because the custodial parent has denied the non-custodial parent visitation.
Betsy S. Elliott, Senior Special Counsel (Division of Child Support Enforcement, on brief), for appellant.
No brief or argument for appellee.
SUMMARY
The Division of Child Enforcement Support appealed the decision of the circuit court awarding child support in response to a petition from the State of Michigan. The Division argued that the trial court erred in deviating from the presumptive amount of support based upon an alleged deprivation of visitation rights (Circuit Court of Gloucester County, John M. Folkes, Judge).
The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the court may not deviate simply because a custodial parent has denied visitation to the noncustodial parent.
Reversed and remanded.
OPINION
Child support provides for the economic best interest of a dependent child; it is not a weapon with which to punish a parent. Accordingly, we hold that a trial court may not deviate from the presumptive amount of child support because a custodial parent has denied a noncustodial parent visitation with their child.
The child, in this case, resides with the mother in Michigan, where the parties were divorced in 1986. The Division of Child Support Enforcement sought support on behalf of the mother in response to a petition from the State of Michigan made pursuant to the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, Code Sections 20-88.12 et seq. Although finding that the presumptive amount of child support under the guidelines was $376 per month, the trial court awarded only $40 per week in child support, the same amount originally ordered in the Michigan divorce decree. It explained that the deviation from the child support guidelines was "based on the alleged denial of visitation."
(1) The child support guidelines contained in Code Sec. 20-108.2 are applicable to "any proceeding on the issue of determining child support" under Title 20, Title 16.1 or Title 63.1. Code Sec. 20-108.1(B). Therefore, the guidelines are applicable to a proceeding brought under the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, Code Sections 20-88.12 et seq.
(2) Under the guidelines, the presumptive amount of child support may be deviated from only upon justification determined from evidence of certain specified factors affecting the "obligation, the ability of each party to provide child support, and the best interests of the child." Code Sec. 20-108.1(B). The factors specified by the statute do not include the denial of visitation to one parent by the other. See Id.
Fourteen of the sixteen factors enumerated in Code Sec. 20-108.1(B) relate expressly to the financial abilities of the parties to provide child support or the financial needs or abilities of the child. The remaining two factors, while not expressly limited to financial concerns, must be construed to be so limited.
These two provisions, one relating to "[a]rrangements regarding custody of the children" and the other regarding "[s]uch other factors, including tax consequences to each party, as are necessary to consider the equities for the parents and children," permit deviation from the presumptive amount to the extent they affect the parties' ability to pay support and the child's need for financial support. Such a limitation appears from the nature of the statute in which they are contained and the language of the statute. Furthermore, another statute, Code Sec. 20-107.2, addresses visitation and identifies the factors to be considered in determining visitation. The General Assembly did not intend the factors relating to child support to also affect visitation where it had identified other factors to control the disposition of visitation.
(3) A child's continuing relationship with both parents is an important consideration for every child. M.E.D. v. J.P.M., 3 Va. App. 391, 397, 350 S.E.2d 215, 219 (1986). Visitation assures that a child "will continue to receive the noncustodial parent's affection and nurture." Id. Our holding does not undermine these principles. Instead, it rests on the recognition that a child's financial well being should not be jeopardized in order to punish a custodial parent for failing to provide the noncustodial parent with visitation. Other means exist for enforcing visitation. See Rippe v. Rippe, 3 Va. App. 506, 509, 351 S.E.2d 181, 182 (1986).
(4) Our decision is consistent with those of courts in other jurisdictions that have held that interference with visitation or disputes over custody are not defenses to a parent's obligation to pay child support in a proceeding under the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act. See, e.g., Charlesworth v. California, 793 P.2d 411, 413 (Utah App. 1990); Gera v. Gera, 796 S.W.2d 13 (Ky. App. 1990); Cuccia v. Cuccia, 773 S.W.2d 928 (Tenn. 1989); England v. England, 337 N.W.2d 681 (Minn. 1983); State ex rel Hubbard v. Hubbard, 329 N.W.2d 202, 110 Wis.2d 683 (1983); Brown v. Turnbloom, 280 N.W.2d 473, 89 Mich. App. 162 (1979); Craft v. Hertz, 182 N.W.2d 293, 297 (N.D. 1970). Courts in other jurisdictions have also held that denial of visitation does not justify an abatement of child support. See Williams v. Williams, 105 N.C. App. 615, 617, 414 S.E.2d 80, 80 (1992) (no basis for deviating from guidelines); Nisbet v. Nisbet, 102 N.C. App. 232, 238, 402 S.E.2d 151, 154 (1991); Macaluso v. Macaluso, 509 So.2d 201, 202-03 (La. Ct. App. 1987); Department of H.R.S. v. Wesley, 497 So.2d 925, 927 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986) (prohibited by statute); Flynn v. Flynn, 15 Ohio App.3d 34, 36, 427 N.E.2d 388, 391 (1984); Coleman v. Burnett, 169 Ga. App. 297, 297, 312 S.E.2d 627, 628 (1983); contra: Brandt v. Brandt, 794 S.W.2d 672, 675 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990) (expressly allowed by statute); Courten v. Courten, 459 N.Y.S.2d 464, 467 (App. Div. 1983).
(5) For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred in deviating from the child support guidelines solely because the custodial parent had denied the noncustodial parent visitation. The trial court having found the presumptive amount of child support and no other reason for deviating from it, we remand for entry of a decree reflecting that finding. See Code Sec. 8.01-681.
Reversed and remanded.
Baker, J., and Benton, J., concurred.