Opinion
November 26, 1973.
May 22, 1974.
Criminal Law — Evidence — Confession — Failure of police to warn defendant of the possibility he would be charged with murder — Necessity to advise of the felony-murder rule — "Unnecessary delay" between arrest and arraignment — Harmless error.
Defendant, who was convicted by a jury of aggravated robbery and murder of the first degree, asserted on this appeal that his confession should have been suppressed because (1) he had not been advised during police questioning that he could be charged with murder under the felony-murder rule and (2) there was an "unnecessary delay" between his arrest and arraignment and that his confession was related to the delay.
Mr. Justice EAGEN (joined by Mr. Justice O'BRIEN and Mr. Justice POMEROY) filed an Opinion announcing the affirmance of the judgment of sentence in which he concluded that defendant was not required to be advised of the felony-murder rule by police and that, under the circumstances, the evidentiary use of the incriminating statement was harmless error.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS, Mr. Justice NIX, and Mr. Justice MANDERINO filed a Dissenting Opinion in which they stated their objection to the application of the harmless error doctrine.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Argued November 26, 1973. Before EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Appeal, No. 270, Jan. T., 1973, from judgment and order of Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Philadelphia, March T., 1970, Nos. 1595 and 1596, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael Townsell. Judgment and order affirmed.
Indictments charging defendant with murder and aggravated robbery. Before McDERMOTT, J.
Verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree and aggravated robbery, and judgment of sentence and order of probation entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Patrick W. Kittredge, with him James D. McCrudden, for appellant.
James J. Wilson, Assistant District Attorney, with him James T. Ranney and Milton M. Stein, Assistant District Attorneys, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
On January 20, 1971, Michael Townsell was convicted by a jury of aggravated robbery and of murder in the first degree. Post-trial motions were denied, and a sentence of life imprisonment was imposed on the murder conviction as the jury's verdict directed. An additional twenty years of probation was ordered on the robbery conviction. This one appeal followed.
While appellate jurisdiction of the probation order is in the Superior Court, this Court will assume jurisdiction. See § 503 of the Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act, Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 673, No. 223, art. V, § 503, 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 211.503.
The factual background, as disclosed by the record, is this:
On the afternoon of January 14, 1970, at approximately 2:30 p.m., the appellant Townsell and Gregory Thomas attempted to steal from Otto Burkhard, the driver of a meat truck in Philadelphia. In carrying out the theft, Townsell assaulted Burkhard, and Thomas shot him fatally. Two young boys, Douglas Chappell and Robert Alford, witnessed the occurrence. Townsell was taken into police custody about 5 p.m. the same afternoon in the home of a friend near the scene of the robbery-homicide.
Townsell was taken to the West Detective Division Headquarters where he remained in a cell until 7:55 p.m. During this time period, Townsell was not questioned by the police, since the detectives assigned to the case were completing an on-the-scene investigation. Townsell was then transferred to Homicide Headquarters where he was initially questioned from 8:35 p.m. until 9:25 p.m. Before this questioning commenced, Townsell was informed of his Miranda rights and was told he was in Homicide Headquarters because the victim of the robbery under investigation had been shot and was in critical condition. During the initial questioning period, Townsell admitted participating in the robbery, but said it was Thomas who shot the victim. Townsell was then left alone until 10:00 p.m. when a second period of questioning began. This lasted until 10:45 p.m., and during this questioning, Townsell repeated what he had told the police previously. This statement was recorded in handwriting by one of the investigating officers. Before this second period of questioning, Townsell was informed the victim of the holdup had died. Between 10:45 p.m. and 2:00 a.m., Townsell was given a polygraph examination and allowed to rest. At 2:00 a.m., a third period of questioning began and the questions and answers were recorded in the form of a typewritten statement. Before this statement, Townsell was again informed of his Miranda rights and told the victim of the robbery was dead. The typewritten statement was completed at 5:00 a.m. and was then signed by Townsell. Sometime thereafter, he was preliminarily arraigned.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).
The record is silent as to the exact time of the arraignment.
At the time involved, Townsell was twenty-one years old, and had an eleventh grade education. The record clearly indicates the police did not use any threats of violence or trickery to get the incriminating statements, and that Townsell was in good health, not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and was alert and understood his constitutional rights.
A pre-trial motion to suppress Townsell's three incriminating statements to the police was denied after an evidentiary hearing, and the typewritten statement was admitted into evidence at trial over objection. The nature of the objection was not specified. The evidentiary use of this statement at trial is the only assignment of error asserted in this appeal.
Initially, it is argued evidence of Townsell's incriminating statements should have been suppressed because at no time during the police questioning was he informed of the felony-murder rule in Pennsylvania or warned that he "could be charged with murder in the first degree as a result of his participation in the robbery, even though he had not done the actual shooting." This identical contention was rejected by this Court in Commonwealth v. McKinney, 453 Pa. 10, 306 A.2d 305 (1973), and is likewise rejected here. See also Commonwealth v. McIntyre, 451 Pa. 42, 301 A.2d 832 (1973), and Commonwealth v. Swint, 450 Pa. 54, 296 A.2d 777 (1972).
Next and finally, Townsell argues evidence of his incriminations should have been suppressed because there was an unnecessary delay between his arrest and arraignment, and his incriminating statements were related to this delay. Assuming the issue is properly before us, the evidentiary use of Townsell's incriminating statement at trial, if error, was harmless error under the circumstances.
At trial the Commonwealth introduced the testimony of the eyewitness Chappell, who unequivocally identified Townsell as one of the two robbers, and remained steadfast in this identification under severe cross-examination. Additionally, the Commonwealth introduced the testimony of two friends of Townsell, Anthony Gwaltey and Lloyd Milton Wilson, who stated they met Townsell and Thomas shortly after the robbery and Townsell admitted he and Thomas participated in the robbery, and that Thomas shot the victim in the course thereof.
Ordinarily, we would have great reluctance in applying the harmless error rule in cases involving incriminating statements. But where as here, we have the accused shortly after the occurrence making incriminating admissions to individuals unconnected with the police, and these admissions are substantially the same as he made later on to the police, evidentiary use of the last mentioned admissions, if error, was harmless.
We are aware that constitutionally, evidentiary use of a coerced incriminating statement may never be classified as harmless error. However, instantly, we are not concerned with the evidentiary use of a "coerced" statement; but rather, a freely given statement, the evidentiary use of which is challenged for the violation of a procedural rule.
Compare Milton v. Wainwright, 407 U.S. 371, 92 S. Ct. 2174 (1972), wherein the Supreme Court of the United States held the admission of a pretrial confession obtained in violation of Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201, 84 S. Ct. 1199 (1964) was harmless error in view of other overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt.
Judgment and order affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
We dissent. The harmless error doctrine may not be utilized by the prosecution as a device to excuse repeated and intentional violations of a rule of law.
The prosecution may not deliberately violate a rule, (substantive or procedural), use that planned infraction to its advantage, and then avoid accountability for its conduct on the ground that the error is harmless. When the prosecution resorts to deliberate creation of error, it must bear the responsibility for imperilling convictions so obtained. See ABA Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to the Prosecution Function § 1.1, 2.8(a) (Approved Draft, 1971). Our jurisprudence does not permit a party to enjoy the benefit of such conduct. This is the essence of a fair trial.