Summary
In Commonwealth v. Pope, 455 Pa. 384, 317 A.2d 887 (1974), we examined the identical indictment and held that Pope was adequately notified of the violation of section 4628(e.2) of the Uniform Firearms Act. Appellant's contentions regarding subject matter jurisdiction are without merit.
Summary of this case from Com. v. BigelowOpinion
Argued January 11, 1974
Decided March 25, 1974
Statutes — Construction — Must give effect to all provisions — Court may not delete a clear and specific crime from the criminal code.
1. A court may not alter, under the guise of "construction", the express language and intent of the legislature.
2. Although penal statutes must be strictly construed, the principle of strict construction does not permit a court to delete a clear and specific crime from the criminal code.
3. A statute must be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions, making the entire statute effective and certain.
Criminal Law — Uniform Firearms Act — Size of weapons.
4. The amendments to the Uniform Firearms Act by the Act of July 30, 1968, P.L. 690 make the unlicensed carrying of all firearms, rifles, or shotguns, regardless of size and whether or not concealed, a crime.
Criminal Law — Practice — Indictments — Read in a common-sense manner.
5. Indictments must be read in a common-sense manner, and are not to be construed in an overly technical sense.
6. A purported variance will not be deemed fatal unless it could mislead the defendant at trial, involves an element of surprise prejudicial to the defendant's efforts to prepare his defense, precludes the defendant from anticipating the prosecution's proof, or impairs a substantial right.
7. In this case, where it appeared that the indictment under which defendant was charged stated that he "did unlawfully carry a firearm, to wit, a rifle" and where defendant contended that the Commonwealth's evidence that he was carrying a rifle with a 22-inch barrel was at variance with the charge of carrying a "firearm" which is defined in the statute as a rifle with a barrel less than 15 inches, it was Held that defendant was adequately notified of the criminal act by the indictment, that the Commonwealth's evidence was consistent with the express language of the indictment, and that defendant had shown no prejudice.
Before JONES, C. J., EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Appeal, No. 392, Jan. T., 1973, from order of Superior Court, affirming order of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, Jan. T., 1970, No. 786, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Phillip Pope. Orders of Superior Court and Court of Common Pleas reversed and record remanded.
Same case in Superior Court: 225 Pa. Super. 252.
Indictment charging defendant with carrying a firearm without a license. Before REED, J., without a jury.
Demurrer by defendant sustained. Commonwealth appealed to the Superior Court, which being equally divided affirmed the order of the court below, opinion in support of affirmance by JACOBS, J., in which HOFFMAN and SPAULDING, JJ., joined, opinion in support of reversal by WATKINS, J., in which WRIGHT, P. J. and CERCONE, J., joined. Appeal to Supreme Court allowed.
Louis A. Perez, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, with him David Richman, Assistant District Attorney, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellant.
Mike Hanford, Assistant Defender, with him John W. Packel, Assistant Defender, and Vincent J. Ziccardi, Defender, for appellee.
The prosecution of Phillip Pope for violation of the Pennsylvania Uniform Firearms Act raises the narrow questions (1) whether the unlicensed carrying in Philadelphia of a rifle with a 22-inch barrel constitutes a violation of the Act, and (2) if it does, whether appellee was properly indicted for this offense. The trial court construed section 4628(e.2) of the Uniform Firearms Act as proscribing only the carrying of rifles with barrels measuring less than 15 inches, and sustained Pope's demurrer. On appeal, an equally-divided Superior Court affirmed. This Court granted the Commonwealth's petition for allowance of appeal. We now reverse.
Act of July 30, 1968, P.L. 690, § 1, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628(e.2) (Supp. 1973) (now 18 Pa.S. § 6108 (1973)), amending the Uniform Firearms Act, Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 628, as amended, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628 (1963) (now 18 Pa.S. §§ 6101-19 (1973)).
Judge JACOBS filed an Opinion in Support of Affirmance in which Judges HOFFMAN and SPAULDING joined. Commonwealth v. Pope, 225 Pa. Super. 252, 253, 311 A.2d 147, 148 (1973). Judge WATKINS filed an Opinion in Support of Reversal in which President Judge WRIGHT and Judge CERCONE joined. Id. at 254, 311 A.2d at 148.
Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act of 1970, Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 673, art. II, § 204(a), 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 211.204(a) (Supp. 1973).
I.
The statute under which appellee was indicted, a 1968 amendment to the 1939 Uniform Firearms Act, provides: "No person shall carry a firearm, rifle or shotgun at any time upon the public streets or upon any public property in a city of the first class . . . ." The prosecution's evidence shows that appellee was openly carrying a rifle with a 22-inch barrel on the public streets of Philadelphia, a city of the first class.
See note 1 supra. Exceptions to the Act are not here applicable.
In the 1939 Uniform Firearms Act, the General Assembly declared criminal the concealed carrying of "firearms." A "firearm" is statutorily defined as "any pistol or revolver with a barrel less than twelve inches, any shotgun with a barrel less than twenty-four inches, or any rifle with a barrel less than fifteen inches. The carrying of a firearm "in any vehicle or concealed on or about [one's] person, except in [one's] place of abode or fixed place of business, without a license therefor" is prohibited.
Uniform Firearms Act, Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 628(a), as amended, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628(a) (1963) (now 18 Pa.S. § 6102 (1973)).
Uniform Firearms Act, Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 628(e), as amended, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628(e) (1963) (now 18 Pa.S. § 6106(a) (1973)).
In 1968, the General Assembly created two new crimes involving the carrying of weapons. It proscribed both the open and concealed carrying of all firearms, rifles, or shotguns during "an emergency proclaimed by a municipal or state governmental executive" anywhere in the Commonwealth or "at any time upon the public streets or upon any public property in a city of the first class." It was for this latter crime that appellee was prosecuted.
Act of July 30, 1968, P.L. 690, § 1, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628(e.1) (Supp. 1973) (now 18 Pa.S. § 6107 (1973)), amending the Uniform Firearms Act, Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 628, as amended, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4628 (1963) (now 18 Pa.S. §§ 6101-19 (1973)).
See note 1 supra.
The trial court correctly recognized that the open carrying of certain weapons was prohibited in Philadelphia. However, it read the 1968 amendment as affecting only the requirement that the weapon be concealed. In its view, the 1968 amendment did not change the type of weapon the carrying of which is prohibited. Rather the court construed the Act as proscribing the open carrying of only "firearms," as defined in the 1939 Act, and attached no significance to the words "rifle" and "shotgun" in the 1968 amendment.
We disagree. Our reading of the statute convinces us that the General Assembly altered more than the requirement of concealment in two situations. The express language of the statute shows that the 1968 amendment made criminal, in two particular instances, the carrying of not only all firearms (as that word is statutorily defined) but also all other rifles and shotguns. If the Legislature intended to proscribe overt carrying of only "firearms," it would not have also included the words "rifle" and "shotgun" in the 1968 amendment. As evidenced by its explicit language, the clear intendment of the 1968 amendment is that in described circumstances the carrying of any firearm, any shotgun, or any rifle, constitutes a criminal act.
Phillip Pope concedes that he was carrying a "rifle" upon the streets of Philadelphia, a city of the first class. Thus his conduct was squarely in violation of the Act.
A court may not alter, under the guise of "construction," the express language and intent of the Legislature. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Rieck Investment Corp., 419 Pa. 52, 213 A.2d 277 (1965); Calvert Distillers Corp. v. Board of Finance Revenue, 376 Pa. 476, 103 A.2d 668 (1954); Commonwealth v. One 1939 Cadillac Sedan, 158 Pa. Super. 392, 45 A.2d 406 (1946). While it is true that penal statutes must be strictly construed, 1 Pa.S. § 1928(b)(1) (Special Pamphlet 1973), the principle of strict construction does not permit a court to delete a clear and specific crime from the criminal code. A statute must be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions, making the entire statute effective and certain. Id. §§ 1921 (a), 1922(2); see Lynch v. Owen J. Roberts School District, 430 Pa. 461, 244 A.2d 1 (1968); Whitemarsh Township Authority v. Elwert, 413 Pa. 329, 196 A.2d 843 (1964); Sherwood v. Elgart, 383 Pa. 110, 117 A.2d 899 (1955).
The trial court's reading of the statute is too narrow and impermissibly renders the words "rifle" and "shotgun" in the 1968 amendment superfluous, discounting them to the point of extinction. Its holding that the unlicensed carrying of a rifle with a 22-inch barrel is not a crime conflicts with the express language of the statute and is error.
Appellee also argues that to apply to him the interpretation of this statute we reach would unconstitutionally deprive him of due process in violation of Bouie v. Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 84 S.Ct. 1697 (1964). In Bouie, the Supreme Court held: "When a[n] . . . unforeseeable state-court construction of a criminal status is applied retroactively to subject a person to criminal liability for past conduct, the effect is to deprive him of due process of law in the sense of fair warning that his contemplated conduct constitutes a crime. . . ." Id. at 354-55, 84 S.Ct. at 1703 (emphasis added).
Where, as here, the statutory construction is based solely on the explicit language of the statute, it cannot successfully be argued that the result is "unforeseeable." Appellee's argument must fail.
II.
Having determined that appellee's conduct falls within the statutory prohibition, we must now address his asserted alternate ground for relief. Specifically, it must be determined whether the indictment charges the offense the Commonwealth's evidence establishes. We believe it does.
The indictment returned by the grand jury charges: "That . . . PHILLIP POPE did unlawfully carry a firearm, to wit, a rifle, without a license therefor as required by law . . . ."
Appellee argues in the alternative that the indictment accuses him of carrying a "firearm," i.e., a rifle with a barrel less than 15 inches. The Commonwealth's evidence shows that appellee was carrying a rifle with a 22-inch barrel, which he contends is not a "firearm." Therefore, in appellee's view, a fatal variance between the indictment ("firearm") and the proof ("rifle") is created. We believe, however, that the indictment charges appellee with carrying a rifle, and that there is no variance.
At an earlier stage of legal development, indictments were strictly and technically construed, and the slightest imprecision in wording was often considered incurable error. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gillespie, 7 S. R. 469 (Pa. 1822); Commonwealth v. VanSickle, 4 Clark 104 (Pa. N.P. 1845); Commonwealth v. Haines, 4 Clark 17 (Pa. N.P. 1824); Commonwealth v. Garver, 16 Phila. 468 (Pa. Quar. Sess. Phila. 1883); but see Commonwealth v. Wentz, 1 Ashmead 269 (Pa. Quar. Sess. Phila. 1831). Today, however, such arguments are unpersuasive. See Commonwealth v. Hudson, 455 Pa. 117, 314 A.2d 231 (1974); Commonwealth v. Lee, 454 Pa. 526, 312 A.2d 391 (1973).
Indictments must be read in a common-sense manner, and are not to be construed in an overly technical sense. United States v. Pleasant, 469 F.2d 1121, 1125 (8th Cir. 1972); see Commonwealth v. Buford, 179 Pa. Super. 312, 116 A.2d 759 (1955). Only an unreasonably strained reading of this indictment that ignores the words "to wit, a rifle" arguably can sustain the assertion that Phillip Pope was not charged with carrying a rifle.
Here, the indictment notifies appellee that he is charged specifically with carrying "a firearm, to wit, a rifle." The common-sense meaning of these words is that appellee is accused of illegally carrying a weapon — a rifle. The Commonwealth's proof is entirely consistent with this reading of the express language of the indictment.
Moreover, this Court does not view the alleged variance as material or prejudicial to appellee. It is well settled that a purported variance will not be deemed fatal unless it could mislead the defendant at trial, involves an element of surprise prejudicial to the defendant's efforts to prepare his defense, precludes the defendant from anticipating the prosecution's proof, or impairs a substantial right.
See, e.g., Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 55 S.Ct. 629 (1935).
See, e.g., United States v. Ragen, 314 U.S. 513, 62 S.Ct. 374 (1942).
See, e.g., Marvin v. United States, 279 F.2d 451 (10th Cir. 1960).
See, e.g., United States v. Mills, 366 F.2d 512 (6th Cir. 1966).
Here, appellee was adequately notified that he was indicted for the criminal act of carrying a weapon, a rifle. The record reveals that his defense was clearly directed to this conduct, not to some different offense committed at a different time or place. Appellee was not misled by the indictment. Nothing in the record substantiates a claim of prejudice. Consequently appellee's alternate ground for relief must also be rejected.
The orders of the Superior Court and of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia are reversed, and the record remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.