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holding that the defendant's admission revealing that his closed pouch contained needles was a relinquishment of any expectation of privacy he had therein and, therefore, no constitutional violation associated with its warrantless search occurred
Summary of this case from U.S. v. MonghurOpinion
No. 916 MDA 2001.
September 30, 2002.
Appeal from the Order Entered May 17, 2001, In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal at No. 2001-21.
Karen E. Kuebler, Assistant District, Attorney, Bellefonte, for Com.
Karen G. Muir, State College, for appellee.
BEFORE: STEVENS, HESTER, and CAVANAUGH, JJ.
¶ 1 The Commonwealth appeals from the order entered on May 17, 2001, in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County, which suppressed heroin, intravenous needles, and a stationhouse confession obtained from Appellee after an arrest. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
¶ 2 On the morning of December 18, 2000, Detective William Muse of the State College Police Department and Centre County Drug Task Force established surveillance of Appellee's residence after at least five known heroin users named Appellee as a heroin trafficker. N.T. 5/3/01 at 4-7. Specifically, the information on Appellee was that he customarily drove to a North Philadelphia residence in the morning to obtain heroin from one Javier "Fats" Gonzalez, a man previously arrested for heroin distribution. N.T. at 8, 9, 32. Surveillance watched Appellee enter his vehicle and drive off, but lost contact with him in traffic minutes later.
¶ 3 Suspecting Appellee was headed for Philadelphia, Detective Muse contacted Bureau of Narcotics Investigation ("BNI") Agent David Farrelly in Philadelphia and asked that surveillance of Gonzalez's residence be established in anticipation of Appellee's arrival. N.T. at 9. Detective Muse provided Agent Farrelly with a description of Appellee and his vehicle, including tag information. N.T. at 10.
¶ 4 With surveillance of Gonzalez's residence in place, BNI Agent Bob Weber watched Appellee arrive, enter Gonzalez's home for less than five minutes, exit, and drive away. N.T. at 11. Agent Weber followed Appellee to the parking lot of T.G.I. Friday's restaurant on Philadelphia's City Line Avenue, where Appellee met a man fitting the description of Lionel Bassett, also the subject of a Centre County Drug Task Force investigation. N.T. at 11. Appellee and Bassett then took turns entering the restaurant's men's room before driving off again, conduct which matched informants' accounts of how Appellee would routinely stop at either T.G.I. Friday's or the first Turnpike rest stop to use a portion of the heroin before resuming his trip home. N.T. at 11-12. Agent Weber followed Appellee back to the Pennsylvania Turnpike and notified Detective Muse that Appellee appeared headed back home. Id.
¶ 5 Less than three hours later, Detective Muse and Pennsylvania State Trooper Richard Swank were parked along State Route 322 when they saw two men drive by in Appellee's car. N.T. at 13. Detective Muse had positioned additional patrol in Centre County to stop Appellee's car in furtherance of a drug investigation, and Harris Township Officer Joseph Zaffutto executed the stop once Appellee entered the jurisdiction. N.T. at 14. Detective Muse arrived at the scene and encountered Bassett on the driver's side of the vehicle. Officer Zaffutto, meanwhile, ordered Appellee to exit from the passenger side and asked him if he possessed any intravenous needles. Appellee confirmed that a pouch located in his inside jacket pocket contained needles. Officer Zaffutto carefully removed the pouch and placed it on the trunk of Appellee's car. N.T. at 17.
Detective Muse explained that it is the policy of the Centre County Drug Task Force to begin a Terry frisk by first asking a suspected intravenous drug user/detainee if he or she currently possesses intravenous needles. The purpose of the question is to help prevent the officer from being stuck by a needle during a frisk for weapons. N.T. at 16.
¶ 6 After Appellee and Basset were arrested and placed in custody for transport to the State College Police Station, Detective Muse seized the pouch, unzipped it, and looked inside to see if any uncapped needles would require special precaution in handling the pouch. N.T. at 17, 31. The pouch contained two capped needles, a metal spoon, and several bundles of what appeared to be heroin. Id. Also confiscated was Appellee's car, which the officers drove to the Ferguson Township Police Station. A subsequent vehicle search pursuant to a warrant uncovered additional heroin-related paraphernalia. N.T. at 18.
¶ 7 At the State College Police Station, a search of Appellee's person incident to his arrest uncovered six additional bundles, consisting of fifty-nine packets, of heroin. N.T. at 18. Informed of his Miranda rights, Appellee provided an oral and written confession during interrogation. N.T. at 36-37. He was charged with possession of heroin, possession with the intent to deliver heroin, possession of drug paraphernalia, and criminal conspiracy, though the conspiracy charge was dismissed at Appellee's preliminary hearing.
35 P. S. § 780-113(a)(16).
35 P. S. § 780-113(a)(30).
35 P. S. § 780-113(a)(32).
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.
¶ 8 Before his case came to trial, Appellee filed an omnibus motion to suppress all incriminating evidence as the product of what he argued was an unlawful warrantless arrest. A hearing was held before the suppression court on May 3, 2001, and on May 17, 2001, the court entered an order granting Appellee's motion. Specifically, the court found that Appellee's arrest, body search, and confession all derived from the warrantless search of Appellee's pouch — a search that the court determined required a warrant because exigent circumstances were lacking.
¶ 9 In its timely appeal from the court's order, the Commonwealth contends that the totality of the circumstances-including Appellee's pre-search statement that he possessed intravenous needles-provided probable cause to arrest Appellee for Possession of Drug Paraphernalia. Therefore, the Commonwealth argues, the subsequent search and seizure of all evidence was permitted as incidental to a lawful arrest.
In conformity with the dictates of Commonwealth v. Dugger, 506 Pa. 537, 486 A.2d 382 (1985) and Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) and 904(e), the Commonwealth has certified that the suppression order substantially handicaps and/or effectively terminates its prosecution of Appellee. Accordingly, we conclude that the present appeal is properly before us and we address the merits.
No Brief for Appellee was submitted on appeal.
¶ 10 Our standard for reviewing the suppression of evidence is well-established. In Commonwealth v. Smith, 577 A.2d 1387, 1388 (Pa.Super. 1990), we stated:
Where the Commonwealth is appealing the adverse decision of a suppression court, a reviewing court must consider only the evidence of the defendant's witnesses and so much of the evidence for the prosecution as read in the context of the record [which] as a whole remains uncontradicted. If the evidence supports the court's factual findings, we are bound by such findings and may only reverse if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 651 A.2d 1121, 1123 (Pa.Super. 1994).
¶ 11 The suppression court accepted the officers' uncontradicted account of events, and from such testimony first determined that the investigatory stop was supported by reasonable suspicion of Appellee's heroin possession. We agree.
Given the suppression court's own endorsement of the investigatory stop, we find its later opinion that an anticipatory search warrant was needed to stop Appellee incongruous and without support in the record.
¶ 12 Law enforcement officers may conduct an investigatory stop and detention, which, though short of an arrest, nonetheless constitutes a seizure, if they have a reasonable suspicion based upon specific and articulable facts that criminality is afoot. Terry v. Ohio, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (1968); Commonwealth v. Hicks, 434 Pa. 153, 253 A.2d 276 (1969) (holdingTerry applies to stop and frisk cases that implicate Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution); Commonwealth v. Phinn, 761 A.2d 176, 181 (Pa.Super. 2000). Reasonable suspicion depends upon both the content of the information possessed by the police and its degree of reliability. Commonwealth v. Wimbush, 561 Pa. 368, 750 A.2d 807 (2000). Thus, like the assessment applicable to the determination of probable cause, quantity and quality of information are considered when assessing the totality of the circumstances, but with a lesser showing needed to demonstrate reasonable suspicion. Commonwealth v. Zhahir, 561 Pa. 545, 751 A.2d 1153 (2000).
¶ 13 Where, as here, the underlying source of police information is a known informant, there is a stronger case for acting upon the information than exists in the case of an anonymous informant. See Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47 (1972) (holding that a tip from a known informer carried enough indicia of reliability to support a Terry search even though the same tip from an anonymous informant likely would not have). One reason for crediting the known informant's information with more reliability is that the known informant, unlike the anonymous one, faces risk of prosecution for filing a false claim should the information be untrue. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, 548 Pa. 484, 698 A.2d 571 (1997) (citing Adams, supra.).
¶ 14 In addition, an informant's tip-even an anonymous tip-relating insider information or a person's future actions bears sufficient indicia of reliability to justify an investigatory stop when corroborated by police. Wimbush, 561 Pa. at 378, 750 A.2d at 812 (citingAlabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325 (1990)).
The anonymous tipster in Alabama v. White told police that the defendant would leave her apartment at a particular time, would travel to an identified motel and that she would have drugs inside a particular carrying case. The police stopped the defendant's car just short of the identified motel. In upholding the stop, the United States Supreme Court found that the tipster's information demonstrated "inside information-a specific familiarity with [the defendant's] affairs." White, 496 U.S. at 332. . . . The Court then held that if an anonymous tip provides such insider information, including facts relating to "future actions of third persons ordinarily not easily predicted," then police corroboration of this insider information can support a finding of reasonable suspicion. Id.
Wimbush, 561 Pa. 368, 750 A.2d at 812.
¶ 15 Here, "at least five" heroin users known to the Centre County Drug Task Force told police that Appellee trafficked in heroin, and they provided intimate details of the routine he followed when purchasing his supply. The officers' collective observations corroborated accounts that Appellee would drive to Fats Gonzalez's North Philadelphia residence in the morning to buy heroin and consume some at the City Line Avenue T.G.I. Friday's before returning home. Because the officers corroborated all of the detailed, insider information provided by informants known to them, we agree with the suppression court that, at a minimum, reasonable suspicion existed to justify an investigatory stop.
At the suppression hearing, Detective Muse named three of the informants.
¶ 16 We disagree with the suppression court, however, that the warrantless search of Appellee's pouch tainted all incriminating evidence collected in the case. The record shows, instead, that the recovery of heroin from Appellee's person was incidental to an arrest which derived not from Detective Muse's search of the pouch — indeed, Appellee's arrest preceded the search of the pouch — but from Appellee's admission of needle possession during Officer Zaffutto's lawful Terry search.
Contrary to the suppression court's opinion, the record reveals that Appellee was arrested before Detective Muse searched the pouch:
Q: Explain to me again when you believe Officer Zaffutto opened that pouch that Mr. Kondash turned over.
A: He didn't. I did.
Q: And when did that happen?
A: Right as he was being secured in the vehicle and I was going back to my vehicle I zipped it open.
Q: So at that point Mr. Kondash was in handcuffs, arrested, and was being placed in the vehicle for transport?
A: Yes.
N.T. at 31.
Even if Appellee's arrest had stemmed from the warrantless search of the pouch, we find that the search of the pouch was also lawful. See infra.
¶ 17 Upon encountering Appellee at the stop, Officer Zaffutto prepared to pat down for weapons. N.T. at 15-17. An officer may conduct aTerry frisk of a suspect's clothing for weapons if "a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger." Commonwealth v. Hall, 558 Pa. 16, ___, 735 A.2d 654 ___ (1999) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). We find that Officer Zaffutto was entitled to secure his own safety with a pat down, as it was reasonable to believe that Appellee had not gone alone to North Philadelphia to buy a dealer's supply of heroin unarmed. See In the Interest of C.C., 780 A.2d 696 (Pa.Super. 2001) (holding that it was reasonable for an officer to believe that a drug trafficker, selling in a high drug-trafficking area, was armed and dangerous).
¶ 18 Another basis for a pat down was the reasonable belief that Appellee, a suspected intravenous drug user who apparently had used just hours earlier, carried intravenous needles and syringes. The design of a syringe and needle allows for their employment as an easily concealed and potent weapon which can inflict a serious wound. Add to that threat the prospect of contracting hepatitis or HIV from an intravenous drug user's needle, and a needle's capacity to deliver grievous or even deadly injury should not be discounted. It is, therefore, reasonable to subject a suspected intravenous drug user properly detained at an investigatory stop to a limited pat down for needle possession to promote the officer's safety. See State v. Gonzalez, 184 Ill.2d 402, 704 N.E.2d 375 (1998) (including needles among weapons subject to Terry); Worthey v. State, 805 S.W.2d 435 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) (holding Terry frisk on reasonable suspicion of needle possession warranted). See also Perry v. State, 927 P.2d 1158 (Wyo. 1996); State v. Hunter, 615 So.2d 727 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 1993); People v. Autry, 232 Cal.App.3d 365, 283 Cal.Rptr. 417 (Cal.Ct.App. 1991) (holding intravenous drug user's needle constitutes deadly weapon); State v. Griffin, 520 So.2d 1206 (La.Ct.App. 1988). Accordingly, Officer Zaffutto was justified in conducting a Terry search on Appellee during the investigatory stop.
Though from other jurisdictions and thus not binding on this Court, the cited decisions are instructive in the proper disposition of the present case.
¶ 19 In addition, we hold that Officer Zaffuto was permitted to preface the Terry search by asking Appellee if he possessed any needles in his clothing without first informing Appellee of his Miranda rights, as the dictates of Miranda do not attach during an investigatory detention.See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 486, 477-478; Commonwealth v. Proctor, 657 A.2d 8 (Pa.Super. 1995); Commonwealth v. Kloch, 327 A.2d 375, 380-381 (Pa.Super. 1975). Indeed, even during a custodial interrogation, the requirements of Miranda will be excused where police have reason to fear for their well-being and ask questions to ensure their safety and not to elicit incriminating responses. Commonwealth v. Bowers, 583 A.2d 1165, 1170 (Pa.Super. 1990) (citing New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 655-659 (1984)). Therefore, Officer Zaffutto's question was a justifiable means to reduce the risk of puncturing his hand during a Terry pat down of a suspected intravenous drug user and did not constitute interrogation under Miranda. See United States v. Webster, 162 F.3d 308, 332 (5th Cir. 1998) (holding that officer's question whether detainee possessed needles that could injure officer during pat down was necessary to protect officer and did not constitute interrogation under Miranda).
Though from another jurisdiction and thus not binding on this Court, Webster is instructive in the proper disposition of the present case.
¶ 20 Appellee's affirmative response was thus admissible against him, and it gave Officer Zaffutto probable cause to arrest for, at the very least, possession of drug paraphernalia-a charge included among those filed against Appellee. Consequently, the evolution of Appellee's investigatory stop into an arrest at that moment was proper, as was the subsequent search of Appellee's person as a valid search incident to a lawful arrest. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 615 A.2d 416, 419 (Pa.Super. 1992) (holding officer may conduct warrantless search of an arrestee's person incident to a lawful arrest). Accordingly, the suppression of Appellee's admission of needle possession and the fifty-nine packets of heroin found on his person-products of a lawful Terry stop and subsequent lawful search incident to arrest-was error.
¶ 21 Finally, we address whether the warrantless search of the pouch was unlawful, requiring suppression of its contents and of the stationhouse confession. As noted above, Officer Zaffutto first engaged Appellee with a permissible Terry question as to whether Appellee possessed needles which could cause him harm. Appellee's answer in the affirmative not only gave Officer Zaffutto cause under Terry to remove the needles for his own safety, it also provided probable cause to believe that the pouch contained illegal paraphernalia subject to immediate lawful seizure. We liken this case to "plain feel" cases permitting seizure where an officer acquires probable cause of a container's illegal contents during a protective pat down. See Interest of C.C., 780 A.2d at 699 (holding that police may seize contraband detected during a Terry frisk where incriminating nature of the contraband is "immediately apparent").
The evidence obtained from the pouch appears to have factored in Appellee's confession.
¶ 22 Moreover, with his admission, Appellee revealed the contents of the pouch and thereby relinquished any expectation of privacy he had therein. See Commonwealth v. Hendrix, 627 A.2d 1224, 1228-1229 (Pa.Super. 1993) (holding defendant had no expectation of privacy in a seized bag after revealing to a police officer that it contained a gun) (citing, inter alia, Commonwealth v. Cardona-Rivera, 904 F.2d 1149 (7th Cir. 1990) (warrantless search proper after arrested defendant admitted a package contained cocaine)). Accordingly, with no expectation of privacy remaining in the pouch, there can be no constitutional violation associated with its warrantless search. As such, the search gave no cause to suppress either the contents of the pouch or any other evidence collected in the present case.
¶ 23 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order entered below and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 24 Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.