OPINION

MR. JUSTICE CAPPY.

This is a direct review of a sentence of death imposed by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

The Appellant, Jose DeJesus, was arrested and taken into custody on September 23, 1997 for other crimes. On October 30, 1997, Appellant was arrested and gave a statement to the police in this case. Appellant was charged with two counts of murder, two counts of aggravated assault, possession of an instrument of crime, criminal conspiracy, and reckless endangerment of another person. Appellant's trial began on July 26, 1999. On August 5, 1999, the jury found him guilty of two counts of first degree murder, and all related offenses. Following the penalty phase, the jury also returned a verdict of the death penalty on each count of murder, finding four aggravating circumstances and no mitigating circumstances. On August 17, 1999, the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County formally sentenced Appellant to death, and additionally sentenced him to serve twenty to forty years for aggravated assault, two and one-half to five years for possessing an instrument of crime, and ten to twenty years for conspiracy, all to run consecutively. Appellant's post-trial motions were denied. This appeal followed.

Although Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence with regard to his first degree murder convictions, we are required to undertake an independent review of the sufficiency of the evidence in all capital cases. Commonwealth v. Zettlemoyer, 454 A.2d 937, 942 n. 3 (Pa. 1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 970 (1983). The standard for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether the evidence admitted at trial and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, is sufficient to support all the elements of the offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.Commonwealth v. Miller, 664 A.2d 1310, 1314 (Pa. 1995).

In order to sustain a finding of first degree murder, the evidence must establish that a human being was unlawfully killed, that the accused did the killing, and that the killing was done in an intentional, deliberate and premeditated way. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502 (a), (d); Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 599 A.2d 624, 626 (Pa. 1991). It is the specific intent to kill which distinguishes murder in the first degree from lesser grades of the crime. Commonwealth v. Smith, 694 A.2d 1086, 1088 (Pa. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 847 (1998). The prosecution may prove the elements of the offense, including the requisite intent, through circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Brown, 711 A.2d 444, 449 (Pa. 1998). We have held that the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of a human body is sufficient to establish the specific intent to kill. Commonwealth v. Walker, 656 A.2d 90, 95 (Pa.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 854 (1995). Moreover, under the doctrine of transferred intent, the intent to murder may be transferred where the person actually killed was not the intended victim. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 303(b)(1); Commonwealth v. Gaynor, 648 A.2d 295, 298 (Pa. 1994); Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 626 A.2d 133, 138 (Pa. 1993).

The evidence that gave rise to Appellant's convictions for first degree murder was as follows. In May of 1997, Elias Pagan was a drug dealer who controlled drug sales at the corner of 8th and Birch Streets in Philadelphia. Pagan lived on Rorer Street with Aileen "Hazel" Centano, his common-law wife. Carlos "Guatauba" Robelos, Arisbel "Millo" Ortiz, Jonathan "Bolle" Hernandez, George Roman, and Angel Pabon sold drugs for Pagan.

Felix "Chino" Vargas was a rival drug dealer who controlled the corner of Franklin and Cambria Streets. Vargas had recently shot Robelos. Robelos had vowed to kill Vargas. Pagan told Robelos that he would pay him for killing Vargas. Robelos offered to pay Appellant if he helped kill Vargas.

On May 30, 1997, Roman, Ortiz, Hernandez, and Pabon were selling drugs on the corner of 8th and Birch. Pagan went to the corner and told Ortiz to contact him if he saw Vargas. In the late afternoon, Roman, Hernandez, Pabon, Robelos and Appellant were gathered at Pagan's house. They sat at the kitchen table and talked about killing Vargas. Ortiz telephoned at about 7:00 p.m. to tell them that he had seen Vargas. Pagan responded that it was too early to take action. At around 10:30 p.m., Ortiz telephoned to tell Pagan that he had seen Vargas again. Pagan told Ortiz to come to his house in his car.

Some fifteen minutes later, Ortiz arrived at Pagan's house, driving his small gray Toyota 1.8, with tinted windows and a tilted license plate. Ortiz came inside and Pagan went to the basement. When Pagan came out of the basement, he had with him a large black bag. The bag contained two AK-47 rifles, a .9 millimeter semi-automatic pistol, a .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol, and ski masks. Pagan gave one of the rifles to Robelos and the other to Appellant and the handguns to Pabon and Hernandez, and said "do it right."

At 10:50 p.m. Ortiz, Robelos, Pabon, Hernandez and Appellant left Pagan's house in the Toyota to find Vargas and shoot him. Ortiz was driving, Robelos was sitting in the front seat, and Appellant, Pabon and Hernandez were sitting in the back. Roman left to go to his father's house.

Vargas was a few blocks away at the corner of Franklin and Indiana Streets, sitting in his parked automobile with a friend, Tony Garcia. As an ice cream truck arrived and stopped nearby, Garcia exited the car, and Elizabeth Carrisquilla, who was seven months pregnant, leaned on the passenger window to speak with Vargas. When the Toyota arrived at Franklin and Indiana, Appellant, Robelos, Hernandez and Pabon got out of the car and started shooting at Vargas, who was approximately fifteen feet away.

Oscar Velez was sitting on Franklin Street with friends. He saw a gray, two-door, Toyota 1.8 with tinted windows and a tilted license plate drive by and park in the intersection of Franklin and Indiana. He next saw men wearing black clothes and ski masks get out of the Toyota and start shooting at Vargas' car.

Paula McBride, along with her baby, was on Franklin with Lisa Velez and Martiza Martinez. McBride and Martinez heard noises that sounded like firecrackers and saw bright lights coming from the corner. As Martinez ran to McBride's house, she felt a burning on the back of her right leg. As McBride leaned over to pick up her baby, she felt a stinging on the top of her head. Both Martinez and McBride had been shot. Lisa Velez, who was near the ice cream truck, heard a noise that sounded like a firecracker and ducked. She peeked around the front of the truck and saw the gray, two door Toyota 1.8 parked in the middle of the intersection, as well as smoke and sparks coming from Vargas' car. She also saw shooters wearing black clothes and face masks. She next observed one of the men with a rifle enter the Toyota as the car pulled away.

When the shooting stopped, Garcia ran to Vargas' car. Vargas was slumped over the steering wheel. Carrisquilla was on the ground, shot in the back. The authorities and medical help were summoned. Vargas was pronounced dead at the scene from multiple gunshot wounds to the head, neck and chest. McBride, Martinez and Carrisquilla were taken to the hospital. McBride and Martinez were treated and survived. Carrisquilla died. Her baby, delivered by Cesarean section, was saved. Projectiles removed by the medical examiner from both Vargas and Carrisquilla were from AK-type firearms.

In the meantime, Ortiz, who had suffered a graze wound to the head, drove to Hernandez's mother's home at 811 Birch Street, along with Hernandez and Robelos. Pagan came out of 811 Birch to take Ortiz to the hospital. Pagan was heard to say "D**n, those n*****s just killed Chino." Neighbors saw Pagan, Centano, Hernadez, Pabon, Ortiz, and Robelos celebrating on the street.

At about 11:30 p.m., Roman met with Pagan, Centano, Hernandez, Pabon, Robelos and Appellant in Pagan's home. Pagan told Centano to get the money. Centano retrieved two bundles of cash, each containing $2,500, and gave them to Robelos. Robelos kept one bundle and gave the other to Appellant.

Our thorough review of the record demonstrates that the above-recited evidence is clearly sufficient to support the Appellant's convictions for first degree murder. The evidence establishes that Appellant was present in Pagan's home during the planning of Vargas' shooting, that Pagan gave him a AK-47 rifle and ski mask the night of the murder, that he was one of the men in the Toyota from which Vargas' killers emerged, that he shot at vital parts of Vargas' body with a AK-47 rifle, that fragments recovered from both Vargas and Carrisquilla were consistent with an AK-47 type of rifle, and that he received payment for Vargas' death.

We now turn to Appellant's allegations of error. The first concerns Appellant's assertion that the admission at trial of a statement he gave the police in which he confessed to shooting Vargas for payment violated Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

We begin with the facts relevant to Appellant's confession. The record reveals that Appellant had been arrested, taken into custody, and charged with other crimes on September 23, 1997. In connection with this arrest on September 23rd, Appellant was read his Miranda rights and waived them, and gave the police several statements.

By October 30, 1997, Detective John McDermott of the Philadelphia Police Department had secured an arrest warrant for Appellant in the present case. On that day, Detective McDermott and another detective transported Appellant, who had remained in custody, from prison to the Police Administration Building. They placed Appellant in an interview room at approximately 1:00 p.m, at which point, Appellant asked why he was being charged. Detective McDermott advised Appellant that the authorities had evidence in the form of statements from persons who had implicated him in the Vargas and Carrisquilla shootings. The detectives proceeded to complete the necessary biographical form with Appellant's input. Between 1:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m., Detective McDermott informed Appellant on several occasions about the charges that the Commonwealth was prepared to bring against him, and told him what Roman and Ortiz had said about him in the statements they had made respectively to the police regarding the shootings. On apparently the last of those occasions, Detective McDermott showed Appellant the statements that Roman and Ortiz had given. At about 4:50 p.m., Appellant told Detective McDermott that he did not shoot Carrisquilla; that he did not want to be blamed for her death; that he shot only Vargas; and that he wanted to set the record straight by making a statement. Detective McDermott advised Appellant that before he could make a statement, he had to be given his Miranda warnings. Detective McDermott gave Appellant the appropriate warnings, which Appellant acknowledged and waived, both orally and in writing. Detective McDermott then took down Appellant's statement in question and answer form.

Appellant moved to suppress the statement on the grounds that the police conducted themselves unlawfully by failing to give him his Miranda rights when telling him that others had implicated him in the shootings, and by denying him his right to the attorney he had retained. The trial court denied the motion, holding that the statement was unsolicited, a "voluntary response to the police telling [Appellant] what he was being charged with and why"; that as soon as Appellant indicated that he was willing to make a statement, the Miranda warnings were given; and that Appellant effectively waived his Miranda rights, including his right to have counsel present while being questioned. (Trial Court Opinion at 13-14, 17-18).

The rules that govern our review of the denial of a suppression motion are well-settled. We determine whether the court's factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from them are correct. Commonwealth v. Cortez, 491 A.2d 111, 112 (Pa.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 950 (1985). Where, as here, it is the defendant who is appealing the ruling of the suppression court, we consider only the evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence for the defense which remains uncontradicted when fairly read in the context of the whole record. Commonwealth v. Hall, 701 A.2d 190, 197 (Pa. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1082 (1998). If, upon our review, we conclude that the record supports the factual findings of the suppression court, we are bound by those facts, and may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error. Cortez, 491 A.2d at 112.

The legal principles that guide us are also well-settled. As a general rule, the prosecution may not use statements, whether inculpatory or exculpatory, stemming from a custodial interrogation of a defendant unless it demonstrates that he was apprised of his right against self-incrimination and his right to counsel. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. "Interrogation" is defined as "questioning initiated by law enforcement officials." Id. at 444. In Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980), the United States Supreme Court extended the definition to the "functional equivalent" of express questioning, stating:

We conclude that the Miranda safeguards come into play whenever a person in custody is subjected to either express questioning or its functional equivalent. That is to say, the term "interrogation" under Miranda refers not only to express questioning, but also to any words or actions on the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect. The latter portion of this definition focuses primarily upon the perceptions of the suspect, rather than the intent of the police. This focus reflects the fact that the Miranda safeguards were designed to vest a suspect in custody with an added measure of protection against coercive police practices, without regard to objective proof of the underlying intent of the police. A practice that the police should know is reasonably likely to evoke an incriminating response from a suspect thus amounts to interrogation. But, since the police surely cannot be held accountable for the unforeseeable results of their words or actions, the definition of interrogation can extend only to words or actions on the part of police officers that they should have known were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.

Id. at 300-01 (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted).

The Supreme Court has indicated that Innis does not place the police under a blanket prohibition from informing a suspect about the nature of the crime under investigation or about the evidence relating to the charges brought against him. In Arizona v. Robertson, 486 U.S. 675 (1988), where it was held that once a suspect has requested counsel in connection with one crime, the police may not interrogate him about another crime until counsel has been provided, the Court said as much. At the same time, however, the Court recognized that communications which provide a suspect with such information may also amount to interrogation under Innis by stating: "[E]ven if the police have decided temporarily not to provide counsel . . . they are free to inform the suspect of the facts of the second crime as long as such communication does not constitute interrogation, see [Innis, 446 U.S. at 291] (1980)." Id. at 687.

By focusing a court's attention on a suspect's perceptions and giving relevance to an officer's constructive knowledge, the inquiry that Innis provides is necessarily contextual, and must be made on a case-by-case-basis. Nelson v. Fulcomer, 911 F.2d 928, 933 (3d. Cir. 1990).

A defendant may waive his Miranda rights, and agree to answer questions or make a statement. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479. For a waiver to be valid, it must be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Id. at 444. In other words, the waiver must be "the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception," and "must have been made with a full awareness both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it." Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 572 (1987) (quoting Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 725 (1979)). Prior experience with Miranda warnings suggests that a defendant's waiver was knowing and voluntary. Commonwealth v. Miller, 664 A.2d 1310, 1322 (Pa. 1995).

The test for determining the voluntariness of a confession and the validity of a waiver looks to the totality of the circumstances surrounding the giving of the confession. Commonwealth v. Jones, 683 A.2d 1181, 1189 (Pa. 1996). Some of the factors to be considered include: the duration and means of interrogation; the defendant's physical and psychological state; the conditions attendant to the detention; the attitude exhibited by the police during the interrogation; and any other factors which may serve to drain one's powers of resistance to suggestion and coercion. Id. Finally, we have determined that a person accused of a crime who has already engaged counsel may, with full knowledge of his rights but in the absence of counsel, effectively waive his right to have counsel present while he is questioned by the police. Hall, 701 A.2d at 197.

We turn first to that part of the trial court's ruling which held that Appellant's statement was admissible because it was Appellant's spontaneous, voluntary response to Detective McDermott's remarks regarding the basis for the charges Appellant faced. Implicit in the trial court's ruling was its rejection of Appellant's contention that Detective McDermott should have provided Miranda warnings before making those remarks inasmuch as they were interrogation within Innis' meaning.

We conclude that the trial court erred in so ruling. We have no doubt that Detective McDermott's words were intended, as the trial court found, to be informational. This does not mean, however, that the detective's words and actions could not also have been "reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response" from Appellant, and as such, constituted the "functional equivalent" of the express questioning that the Supreme Court defined as "interrogation" in Innis, 446 U.S. at 300. That is to say, focusing as we must, on Appellant's perceptions, we believe that when Detective McDermott explained to Appellant that he had been implicated in the shootings, telling him what statements Roman and Ortiz had made to the police concerning his involvement, the detective should have known that his comments and conduct were reasonably likely to evoke an effort on Appellant's part to defend himself and give his own version of his involvement in the crimes at issue. Indeed, Detective McDermott testified as much, when the trial court took testimony on the motion to suppress, and later at trial before the jury:

By defense counsel:

Q. Did you intend to question him about this incident when you brought him down from the prison and were processing him for the arrest?

A. It is the same procedure with every defendant. If they are willing to make a statement with regard to the incident that they are being arrested for, we are certainly willing to take it down.

* * *

Q. But you did tell him what some of the other people involved in the case were saying about [his] involvement; is that right?

A. We told him there were other people arrested and that several other people cooperated in the matter he was being implicated.

* * *

Q. You didn't tell him that for the purpose to try and get him to say something to you and respond to that, did you?

A. During a thorough investigation if [Appellant] wants to make a statement about his action, sure, that would be my intention, to talk to him about the case.

(N.T. 7/30/99 at 178, 180).

By defense counsel:

Q: Now, isn't it a fact that you were going in and telling him what these other people had said, so that he would make a statement?

* * *

A: I was hopeful that [Appellant] would give a statement admitting to what he did, yes.

Q: That is why you kept going in and telling him what the other people had said; is that right?

A: That is one of the reasons, yes.

(N.T. 8/2/99 at 71).

Thus, we conclude that when Detective McDermott began informing Appellant of the implicative statements that Roman and Ortiz had made about him, Appellant was subjected to a custodial interrogation. Before doing so, Detective McDermott should have read Appellant his rights. Commonwealth v. Chacko, 459 A.2d 311, 315 (Pa. 1983). By waiting until after Appellant announced his willingness to confess to provide Miranda warnings, Detective McDermott breached Miranda's teaching. See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 467. This is because Miranda's rule, aimed at insuring that any statement an individual makes is the product of his unfettered choice, can have its intended prophylactic effect only if the warnings are received and understood before the pressures of the interrogation process commence.

Nevertheless, we find no merit in Appellant's present claim that the detective's conduct, which violated Miranda, tainted and invalidated his subsequent waiver of rights and statement. Under our prior precedent, see, e.g., Chacko, 459 A.2d at 311, and more recently, under the United States Supreme Court's decision in Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985), it does not follow that a suspect who was subject to a Miranda violation is inevitably disabled from waiving his rights and confessing after he has received the requisite warnings.

In Elstad, the Court considered whether Miranda required suppression of a properly warned confession because of a prior unwarned admission. The Court began by rejecting the proposition that the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine, which in the context of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence requires the exclusion of evidence or confessions obtained as a result of a constitutional violation unless purged by intervening events of the "primary taint", applies to violations of the Miranda decision. Id. at 306. The Court observed that the Fifth Amendment prohibits use by the prosecution in its case in chief "only of compelled testimony." Id. at 306-07 (emphasis in original). The Court then noted that Miranda can be violated even in the absence of a Fifth Amendment infringement. The Court stated: "Miranda's preventive medicine provides a remedy even to the defendant who has suffered no identifiable constitutional harm", since under Miranda, unwarned statements that were otherwise voluntary within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment must be excluded from evidence. Id. at 307. In the Court's view, therefore, "if errors are made by law enforcement officers in administering the prophylactic Miranda procedures, they should not breed the same irremediable consequences as police infringement of the Fifth Amendment itself."Id.at 309. In this regard, the Court provided:

It is an unwarranted extension of Miranda to hold that a simple failure to administer the warnings, unaccompanied by any actual coercion or other circumstances calculated to undermine the suspect's ability to exercise his free will, so taints the investigatory process that a subsequent voluntary and informed waiver is ineffective for some indeterminate period. Id. Thus, the Court concluded that "[t]hough Miranda requires that the unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made." Id.

The Court next turned to the "cat out of the bag" rule, which had been used by some courts to conclude that the giving of an unwarned statement resulted in a subtle form of lingering compulsion that impaired one's subsequent ability to make a voluntary waiver of rights and statement. In disposing of this notion, the Court stated that "[t]his Court has never held that the psychological impact of a guilty secret qualifies as state compulsion or compromises the voluntariness of a subsequent informed waiver", id. at 312, and concluded that:

absent deliberately coercive or improper tactics in obtaining the initial statement, the mere fact that a suspect has made an unwarned admission does not warrant a presumption of compulsion. A subsequent administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but unwarned statement should ordinarily suffice to remove the conditions that precluded admission of the earlier statement.

Id. at 314.

Finally, for purposes of determining whether a warned statement made after a Miranda violation was voluntary, and is, therefore admissible, the Court cautioned the courts not to establish a fixed standard, such as requiring the passage of time or a break in events, but instead, to look to all of the surrounding circumstances. The Court instructed:

Far from establishing a rigid rule, we direct courts to avoid one; there is no warrant for presuming coercive effect where the suspect's initial inculpatory statement, though technically in violation of Miranda, was voluntary. The relevant inquiry is whether, in fact, the second statement was also voluntarily made. As in any such inquiry, the finder of fact must examine the surrounding circumstances and the entire course of police conduct with respect to the suspect in evaluating the voluntariness of his statements. The fact that a suspect chooses to speak after being informed of his rights is, of course, highly probative. Id. at 318 (footnote omitted).

It remains to apply these principles to this case. Looking at the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that Appellant's initial, unwarned admissions regarding his involvement in the shootings and desire to make a statement, although the subject of a Miranda violation, were voluntary within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment. Likewise, Appellant's subsequent, warned confession was voluntary, the result of his free and rational choice. Nothing about the environment in which Appellant found himself or in the police's manner was oppressive. Appellant does not argue, nor would the record support the contention, that the authorities subjected Appellant to threats, intimidation, deceit, improper inducements or deprivation at any point during his custodial interrogation. Moreover, there is no evidence even to suggest that the authorities took advantage of Appellant's unwarned admissions to pressure him into speaking further. Appellant's single, unsubstantiated complaint that the time he spent in the interview room could have been shorter does not suffice to establish coercion.

Further, we conclude that Appellant's waiver of rights was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Though belated, the reading of Appellant's rights was thorough. Appellant was experienced in the Miranda procedure, and was alert and coherent throughout the interrogation. That he fully understood his rights and freely chose to waive them is clearly evidenced by the record. Accordingly, we hold that Appellant's waiver of Miranda rights was valid. We therefore reject Appellant's claim that his statement was inadmissible because of Detective McDermott's conduct.

Appellant further argues that his statement should have been suppressed because it violated his right to counsel. Appellant claims that the police knew or should have known that he had engaged an attorney in connection with all of the charges he faced on October 30, 1997, and were obliged to notify that attorney when Appellant was transported from prison to the Police Administrative Building.

This claim also fails. First, as a matter of fact, the record does not establish that the police had actual or constructive knowledge of Appellant's legal representation in this case. In addition, the evidence does not show that the attorney who apparently represented Appellant in connection with the crimes for which he was arrested on September 23, 1997, had also been retained as of October 30, 1997 for the present offenses. Even assuming that the attorney had been retained, the police were under no obligation to notify him.

Appellant did not invoke his right to remain silent nor request that his lawyer be present for questioning. Moreover, Appellant waived his right to counsel. As we observed, the law recognizes that a defendant who has representation may, in counsel's absence, waive his right to counsel's presence during questioning by the police. Hall, 701 A.2d at 197. Thus, we conclude that the trial court properly denied Appellant's motion to suppress.

Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in rejecting his claim that the Commonwealth engaged in prosecutorial misconduct on numerous occasions during its closing argument in the guilt phase of the trial. Our review of a trial court's decision to reject a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is limited to whether the trial court abused its discretion. Id. at 198. In considering this claim, our attention is focused on whether the defendant was deprived of a fair trial, not a perfect one. Commonwealth v. Washington, 700 A.2d 400, 407 (Pa. 1997),cert. denied, 524 U.S. 955 (1998).

Not every unwise remark on a prosecutor's part constitutes reversible error. Indeed, the test is a relatively stringent one. Hall, 701 A.2d at 198. Generally speaking, a prosecutor's comments do not constitute reversible error unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would be to prejudice the jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant so that they could not weigh the evidence objectively and render a true verdict. Id. Prosecutorial misconduct, however, will not be found where comments were based on evidence or proper inferences therefrom or were only oratorical flair. Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 491, 514 (Pa. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 826 (1996). In order to evaluate whether comments were improper, we must look to the context in which they were made. Id. Finally, when a trial court finds that a prosecutor's comments were inappropriate, they may be appropriately cured by a cautionary instruction to the jury. Jones, 668 A.2d at 503-04.

Appellant first argues that the Commonwealth improperly used co-defendant's Pabon's confession in its closing to bolster the credibility of George Roman, one of its witnesses, as against him. The comment that Appellant finds objectionable is:

You think of [Centano] and [Pagan] and you think of corroboration, George [Roman] says he sees two weapons, two AKs, and then he sees the .45, but when you hear Mr. Pabon's confession, he says, yes, I had my .9 with me, that's why he says three weapons. (N.T. 8/4/97, 78-79).

It is difficult to understand from Appellant's argument why he believes this comment prejudiced him. The prosecutor's remarks, when taken in context, refer to the Commonwealth's case against Centano and Pagan. Moreover, even if the passage is interpreted as referring to Appellant, we do not see how it would have negated the jury's ability to render a true and fair verdict. Lastly, the trial court told the jury, both at the beginning and at the end of the case, that arguments made by counsel are not evidence, and issued a cautionary instruction that advised the jury that it was not permitted to use this statement against any of Pabon's co-defendants, an instruction which we presume the jury followed. Jones, 668 A.2d at 504.

Appellant's second claim of misconduct is that the prosecutor in his closing referred to facts not in evidence. Appellant takes issue with the following passages:

[These guys] are drug abusers. Guys use cocaine and use heroin for the cut, to bring it down, the same way some guys get high, so they can be normal.

(N.T. 8/4/99 at 76).

Two AKs which are military weapons designed only for one thing, to kill people, not for hunting, it is to kill. A .45 is not used for hunting. It is a military weapon used to kill people. A .9 millimeter, the American military has switched from .45 to .9 millimeter. Why? You can handle the round better and it is made to kill people, that's what they did, when you look at this, I wanted to kill them. I wanted to kill them. (N.T. 8/4/99 at 81).

This claim likewise lacks merit. Appellant's complaint that there was no evidence to support these comments is belied by the record. The prosecutor's remark concerning drug use, cocaine and heroin referred specifically to testimony that Roman gave when he was cross-examined by counsel for one of Appellant's co-defendants. The prosecutor's comment about the military background of the AK-47 was based on the testimony that a ballistics expert called by the Commonwealth gave at trial. His observation that the weapons used the night of the shootings are not for sport was fairly inferred from the testimony of that same expert regarding the operation of the firearms. Moreover, when asked to do so by defense counsel for another defendant, the trial court instructed the jury to disregard any argument with regard to these particular comments that was not based on the evidence.

Appellant next contends that the following passage from the prosecutor's closing was improper because it inflamed the passions of the jury and invited speculation on facts not of record:

Think how the bullet went in and you see the distance. In [Carrisquilla's] back, through her lungs, through her spine, through her aorta and then gets caught there. Think of that and think of when Miss Pene got up and Tonya held her, what is she doing as a mother? She is holding her stomach. She is holding her baby. She is coughing out blood, that's what they did. You see them. Look at them as they smile there, that's what they did. (Indicating).

When you think of that child and, thank goodness, at least he survived. May 30th is his birthday and as the grandparents say happy birthday, they are thinking my little girl left May 30th, so what a feeling to have as a sister, as a parent, happy birthday. My baby is gone, that's what they did and they didn't do it to protect society. They did it because they wanted more money, that is what they did and when you think of a witness who testified, Paula, her baby in her arms and she has to run home and she gets shot in the head, what if she were holding her baby up like this? (Indicating).

How about Miss Pene, she sees the shots. Think of how, as a parent, you feel hurt for your child and you will die for them. She is taking a three-year old boy and sticking him in the gutter, in between a car, that's what they did, so let's talk about these liars and you realize they are not liars. (Indicating).

(N.T. 8/4/99 at 69-70).

Because the prosecutor was fairly commenting on the evidence introduced by the Commonwealth at trial and on the inferences that could be drawn therefrom in this passage, we also reject this contention of error. A medical examiner testified as to the bullet's path through Carrisquilla's body. Bystanders who witnessed the killings or who were shot by stray bullets testified as to what they saw and what steps they took to save themselves or to assist others. As we have noted, a homicide trial is by its nature unpleasant. Commonwealth v. Henry, 706 A.2d 313, 333 (Pa. 1998). This one was no exception.

Appellant further states that this passage is improper for including victim impact evidence. Because Appellant is not more specific, we can only assume that he complains of the prosecutor's reference to the date of May 30th and its effect on Carrisquilla's parents and child. While the comment may have been intemperate, it was fleeting, when viewed in the context of a closing argument that consists of some forty pages of transcript. Even if it satisfies the definition of such evidence, the remark was not so extensive as to prejudice the jury to the point that it could not render a true and fair verdict.Commonwealth v. Fisher, 741 A.2d 1234, 1243 (Pa. 1999). Further, the trial court instructed the jury that its decision had to be based on the evidence, not upon sympathy or the circumstances surrounding the birth of Carrisquilla's son.

Last, relying on our decisions in Commonwealth v. Tann, 459 A.2d 322 (Pa. 1983) and Commonwealth v. Bricker, 581 A.2d 147 (Pa. 1990), Appellant argues that the prosecutor improperly bolstered or vouched for the testimony of Ortiz and Roman, who had entered into a plea agreement with the Commonwealth.

In Tann, the defendant, a participant in a violent racial confrontation, was tried for murder. The Commonwealth called Joseph Patterson and Keith Hill, two participants in the violence, to testify against Tann. Patterson and Hill had entered into plea agreements with the Commonwealth, obtaining leniency in exchange for their testimony. At Tann's trial, the Commonwealth also called the attorneys who represented Patterson and Hill to testify about the plea agreements. Patterson's attorney testified that Patterson had been advised of his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination, but had agreed to waive those rights and testify at trial. Hill's attorney testified that in exchange for "`his [Hill's] testimony, to testify to what he saw on the night in question and telling the truth there [would] be no charges of any kind . . . brought against him. . . .'" Id. at 327 (emphasis added in original).

Tann was convicted of third degree murder. This court reversed and granted Tann a new trial. Finding the testimony of the attorneys irrelevant and highly prejudicial, we concluded that the failure of Tann's lawyer to object to the testimony was ineffective assistance of counsel. Our holding was premised on the principle that where it is likely that the jury will associate a witness with the defendant and the criminal episode giving rise to the charges against the accused, that witness should not be placed on the stand for the purpose of having him exercise his privilege against self-incrimination before the jury. Id. at 328. We stated:

We believe the same prohibition pertains where the Commonwealth seeks to call to the attention of the jury the fact that a witness, who was associated with the accused in the activity giving rise to the criminal charges, has waived his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination and is taking the witness stand to tell the truth. * * * In the present case, the Commonwealth's use of this unwarranted tactic could only steer the jury to infer that since its witnesses . . . waived their Fifth Amendment rights and willingly gave self-incriminating testimony, [their] testimony was the truth and entirely believable. Id. (footnote omitted) (emphasis in original).

In Bricker, the defendant was tried for and found guilty of first degree murder, and sentenced to death. The Commonwealth's evidence against the defendant included the testimony of two witnesses, Charles Kellington and Charles Rossi, who testified pursuant to plea agreements. At the Commonwealth's request, the trial court had allowed the plea agreements to be sent out with the jury during its deliberations. Guided by Tann, this court determined that the trial court committed reversible error in doing so. We observed that the language in the plea agreements obligated Rossi and Kellington to tell the truth, and that the signatures of law enforcement officials on the documents that formalized the agreements "placed the imprimatur of their offices as support for the proposition that Rossi and Kellington were telling the truth." Bricker, 581 A.2d at 154 (emphasis in original). We then stated that "[i]t is beyond question that permitting the prosecution to send these documents out with the jury during deliberations impermissibly bolstered the credibility of Charles Rossi and Charles Kellington," id., and observed that "the introduction of the plea agreements served as silent witness" from which the jury could reasonably infer that the defendant had the same opportunity as Rossi and Kellington to cooperate, and chose to remain silent. Id. at 155.

Despite Appellant's assertion, no action on the Commonwealth's part violated the rules we set forth in Tann and Bricker. The question posed by the Commonwealth to Roman with which Appellant takes issue did not concern Roman's plea agreement or any promise on his part to tell the truth at trial. Rather, it was part of the Commonwealth's effort to provide the jury with background on Roman's contacts with the authorities, and concerned the first of two statements that Roman gave to the police. This statement, as it turned out, was incomplete. Thus, when the prosecution asked Roman "[d]id you tell the police at the time the whole truth about what you knew?" and Roman admitted that he had not, the exchange could not have amounted to improper bolstering. (N.T. 7/28/99 at 44).

Turning to Appellant's claim regarding the Commonwealth's questioning of Ortiz, the record shows that prior to the commencement of trial, Appellant joined in a co-defendant's motion in limine to bar the Commonwealth from asking Ortiz whether one of the conditions of his plea agreement was to "testify truthfully". (N.T. 7/26/99 at 22-23). The trial court granted the motion as to Ortiz's direct testimony, but allowed for the possibility of an appropriate inquiry in this regard on redirect. When Ortiz was testifying on direct that he had pled guilty, the prosecutor asked him whether "[i]n return for [your] deal, did you have to testify truthfully in this case?" (N.T. 7/28/99 at 137). The question, however, went unanswered because the trial court sustained defense counsel's objection.

While it is clear that the question violated the trial court's ruling on the motion in limine, we cannot agree with Appellant that it rose to the bolstering that we have denounced. In our view, this one question from the prosecutor to Ortiz served neither to place the Commonwealth's official sanction on his credibility nor cloak him with the Commonwealth's authority. Bricker, 581 A.2d at 154.

Finally, Appellant claims that the following statements in the prosecutor's closing were also contrary to our teaching regarding improper bolstering:

Think of the deal that [Ortiz] got. Twenty to forty years is what I gave him in front of that judge for driving the car. What a great deal. Think of you at this moment that you are going to start serving twenty years of your life for what he did. He is paying for it or he could have taken the gamble and gone to trial but when he sat with his lawyer, you saw that lawyer there.

She sat down and said, baby, this is what we got to do because you are not going to beat this and he says okay, and he took the deal. Twenty to forty, that means he serves twenty years of his life before he has a Parole Board. He cannot come out. He cannot come out. (N.T. 8/4/99 at 70).

According to Appellant, this passage left the jury with two impermissible inferences:

that Ortiz's attorney had usurped the jury's role, determining that all of the defendants were guilty; and that Ortiz was "telling the truth" because a lawyer "told him to take the deal to save his life." (Appellant's Brief at 17). Beyond this assertion, Appellant does not develop his argument further.

This claim also lacks merit. The inferences that Appellant contends arise out of this passage are, in our view, unreasonable. Moreover, we can discern no basis upon which to conclude that the prosecutor's words was impermissible vouching by the Commonwealth for Ortiz's credibility.

Finally, having concluded that Appellant's claims for relief are without merit, we must, in compliance with our statutory duty under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(h)(3), affirm the sentence of death unless we determine that the sentence was the product of passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor; or the evidence fails to support the finding of at least one aggravating factor. Upon review of the record, we conclude that the sentence of death was not the product of passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor. Rather, it was based upon evidence properly admitted at trial. We also conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support the finding of the aggravating factors that Appellant was paid by another person for the killing of the victim, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(d)(2); that Appellant knowingly created a grave risk of harm to another person in addition to the victim of the offense, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(d)(7); that Appellant had a significant history of felony convictions involving the use or threat of violence to the person, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(d)(9); and that Appellant had been convicted of another murder either before or at the time of the offense at issue, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(d)(11).

Accordingly, we affirm the conviction of murder in the first degree and the sentence of death imposed upon the Appellant.

Justice CASTILLE files a concurring and dissenting opinion joined by Justice NEWMAN.