Summary
concluding that the "unusual look" given to police officers by the defendant, who was driving by the site where the officers were searching for a suspicious package, did not justify a Terry stop
Summary of this case from Com. v. FreemanOpinion
Argued November 28, 1973
Decided January 24, 1974
Criminal Law — Evidence — Search and seizure — Stop and search of automobile resulting in discovery of narcotics — Probable cause — "Stop and frisk" — Voluntary consent of suspect — Burden on Commonwealth to prove that evidence was not the product of an illegal search.
1. The Commonwealth has the burden of proving that evidence seized was not the product of an illegal search.
2. In this case, where it appeared that the police officer testified that as defendant drove past, he gave the officer an "unusual look" which resulted in a chase and stop of defendant's automobile and a search of the vehicle which resulted in the discovery of narcotics, it was Held, that, under the circumstances, (1) the search was conducted without probable cause; (2) the search could not be justified under the "stop and frisk" rule of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; and (3) the search could not be said to have been conducted as a result of defendant's voluntary consent.
Before JONES, C. J., EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Appeal, No. 281, Jan. T., 1973, from order of Superior Court, Oct. T., 1972, No. 1393, affirming judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County, No. 416 of 1971, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Larry Lee Boyer. Judgment of sentence reversed and case remanded.
Same case in Superior Court: 223 Pa. Super. 196.
Indictment charging defendant with possession of narcotic drugs. Before GATES, P. J., without a jury.
Finding of guilty and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed to the Superior Court, which affirmed the judgment of sentence of the court below, opinion per curiam, dissenting opinion by HOFFMAN, J., in which CERCONE and PACKEL, JJ., joined. Appeal to Supreme Court allowed.
Thomas A. Ehrgood, with him Ehrgood Ehrgood, for appellant.
David J. Brightbill, Assistant District Attorney, with him George E. Christianson, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Appellant, Larry Lee Boyer, was tried by a judge sitting without a jury, and found guilty of possession of narcotics. Post-trial motions were denied and appellant was sentenced to a term of two to twelve months in a correctional institution and ordered to pay a $300 fine. The trial court then granted appellant's request for a supersedeas pending his appeal. The Superior Court affirmed appellant's conviction and we granted allocatur.
The facts surrounding this appeal are as follows: On April 20, 1971, the Millcreek Township Police Department received information that three "bohemian types" in a green automobile had been seen placing a package under a snow fence located at the intersections of State Route 419 and Township Road in Lebanon County. The chief of police and another officer, in an effort to determine what had been placed under the fence, proceeded to the location. They found nothing, but while searching for the package, appellant drove past the police in his red and white automobile. The chief of the Millcreek police, who was the only person to testify at appellant's suppression hearing, stated that as appellant drove past him, he gave him an "unusual look." Due to this look, the officers gave chase and stopped appellant's vehicle. By means of a bullhorn, the police then ordered appellant from his automobile. The chief of police, with his hand on his weapon, then approached appellant and requested identification papers, which were produced by appellant. Then, according to the police chief, appellant insisted that his trunk be searched. This search revealed nothing and appellant was allowed to return to his vehicle. As appellant was about to depart the scene, the police observed a console in the front seat of his vehicle and asked appellant if he would mind if they took a look at the console. Appellant allowed the police to look in the console and they observed what they believed to be drug paraphernalia. At this point, the police chief obtained a warrant for appellant's vehicle and discovered certain narcotic substances, which led to his narcotics conviction.
Appellant argues that the evidence should have been suppressed, since the search of his automobile was conducted without probable cause. We agree. The only fact upon which the police could rely to establish probable cause was the "unusual look" the appellant gave the police as he drove past them. Such a look, without more, could not establish probable cause for a search. See Draper v. United States, 385 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329 (1959), Commonwealth v. Swanger, 453 Pa. 107, 307 A.2d 875 (1973). Nor can the stopping of appellant's vehicle be justified under the rule laid out in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (1969), since the "unusual look" given by appellant did not constitute "unusual conduct which [led the officer] reasonably to conclude in light of his experiences that criminal activity may be afoot . . .," nor was the search of the console "a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of such persons in an attempt to discover weapons. . . ."
The Commonwealth also argues, in the alternative, that even if the stop of the appellant was illegal, the evidence they recovered was not an exploitation of that illegality because appellant voluntarily consented to the search of his automobile. While it is true that if appellant voluntarily consented to the search of his automobile, the evidence in question would be admissible, there was no such voluntary consent in this case. See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407 (1962).
Appellant was subject to the control and direction of the police from the moment his automobile was stopped. An individual, suddenly stopped and ordered out of his car by an officer with a bullhorn, is left with the strong impression that he has no right to refuse a police request that he allow his console to be searched. Moreover, when the police ask him whether "he would mind" if his console is searched, they are not informing him that he is being asked to consent to a search which cannot be conducted without his consent. Rather, considering the actions of the police in suddenly stopping his vehicle, he is left with a strong impression that the requested search will be conducted even if he states that he does not wish to have the search conducted. See United States ex rel. Harris v. Hendricks, 423 F.2d 1096 (1971). The short time span between the illegal stop and the subsequent search is further evidence that the alleged consent was not a product of appellant's independent free will. See Commonwealth v. Pollard, 450 Pa. 138, 299 A.2d 233 (1973), Commonwealth v. Rowe, 445 Pa. 454, 282 A.2d 319 (1971). We conclude, therefore, that the Commonwealth has not met its burden of proving that the evidence seized was not a product of an illegal search.
Judgment of sentence reversed and case remanded to the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County for a new trial consistent with this opinion.