Opinion
April 15, 1954.
July 13, 1954.
Criminal law — Sentence — Indefinite term — Maximum term — Offenses not punishable by simple imprisonment — Voluntary manslaughter — Operating motor vehicle while license is suspended — Legislative power — Acts of June 19, 1911, P. L. 1055 and September 26, 1951, P. L. 1460.
1. Under the Act of June 19, 1911, P. L. 1055, § 6, as amended by the Act of September 26, 1951, P. L. 1460, when a person is convicted of any crime punishable by simple imprisonment, the court may, in its discretion, impose sentence either for a fixed term or for an indefinite term, as may seem proper under the circumstances, but not to exceed the maximum term prescribed by law as a penalty for such offense.
2. A sentence for an indefinite term must be deemed a sentence for the maximum term prescribed by law as a punishment for the offense committed.
3. The imposition of indefinite sentences is not discriminatory.
4. The legislature has exclusive power to determine the penological system of the Commonwealth, and it alone can prescribe the punishment to be meted out for crime.
5. The legislature can provide for fixed penalties in criminal cases or grant to the courts such measure of discretion in the imposition of sentences as it may see fit.
6. It was Held that the court had power to impose indeterminate sentences upon conviction of defendant for involuntary manslaughter and for operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended, and that the imposition of these sentences was not arbitrary.
Criminal law — Merger — Test — Involuntary manslaughter — Operating motor vehicle while license is suspended.
7. The test of whether one criminal offense has merged in another is not whether the two criminal acts are successive steps in the same transaction but whether one crime necessarily involves the other.
8. The offenses of involuntary manslaughter and operating a motor vehicle while the operator's license is suspended are separate and distinct and do not merge.
Criminal law — Habeas corpus — Necessity of hearing — Questions of law — Petition failing to make out case.
9. Where, in a habeas corpus proceeding, the petition, answers, and original record disclose only questions of law, a hearing is not required.
10. Where the petition fails to make out a case entitling relator to relief, it is properly dismissed without hearing.
Before HIRT, ROSS, GUNTHER, WRIGHT, WOODSIDE and ERVIN, JJ. (RHODES, P.J., absent).
Appeal, No. 115, April T., 1954, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, Feb. T., 1954, No. 341, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ex rel. Edward L. Green v. Court of Oyer and Terminer and Quarter Sessions, Erie County, et al. Order affirmed.
Habeas corpus.
Order entered refusing petition, opinion by EVANS, P.J. Relator appealed.
Edward L. Green, appellant, in propria persona, submitted a brief.
Damian McLaughlin, District Attorney, for appellee.
Argued April 15, 1954.
On April 19, 1952, Edward L. Green was the operator of a motor vehicle involved in a collision, as the result of which a passenger in the other vehicle received fatal injuries. In the subsequent investigation it was discovered that Green's operating privilege had been suspended. He was indicted at No. 2 September Sessions, 1952, for involuntary manslaughter, and at No. 89 September Sessions, 1952, for operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended. On September 5, 1952, he entered a plea of guilty to both charges. He was sentenced on bill No. 89 to undergo imprisonment in the Allegheny County Workhouse for an indefinite term, the minimum being six months and the maximum one year. On bill No. 2 he was sentenced to undergo imprisonment in the Allegheny County Workhouse for an indefinite term, the minimum being one year and six months and the maximum three years, to run consecutively. Green has appealed from an order dismissing his petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
The first of appellant's two principal contentions is that his sentences should have been for fixed or definite terms, rather than for indefinite terms. Prior to the Act of September 26, 1951, P. L. 1460, further amending the Act of June 19, 1911, P. L. 1055, § 6, as amended by the Act of June 29, 1923, P. L. 975, 19 PS 1057, appellant's position would have been well founded. In Commonwealth ex rel. Oveido v. Baldi, 152 Pa. Super. 340, 31 A.2d 753, we pointed out that the original statute applied only to crimes punishable by imprisonment in a state penitentiary. As last amended, however, the statute now contains the provision that, "Whenever any person is convicted of any crime punishable by simple imprisonment, the court may, in its discretion, pronounce a sentence either for a fixed term or for an indefinite term, as may seem proper under the circumstances of the case, but in no case to exceed the maximum term prescribed by law as a penalty for such offense".
Appellant nevertheless argues that the imposition of an "indeterminate" sentence for an offense punishable only by simple imprisonment is "arbitrary" since all offenders in the same class are not treated alike, in that one may be given a fixed sentence while another may be given an indefinite sentence to the same type of prison for the same crime. A sentence for an indefinite term must be deemed a sentence for the maximum term prescribed by law as a punishment for the offense committed: Commonwealth ex rel. Carmelo v. Smith, 347 Pa. 495, 32 A.2d 913. The maximum term in an indefinite sentence is the real sentence: Commonwealth ex rel. Monaghan v. Burke, 169 Pa. Super. 256, 82 A.2d 337. Appellant could have been sentenced for a term of not more than three years for operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended, and for a term of not more than three years for involuntary manslaughter. The sentences actually imposed by the trial judge did not exceed these limits. The legislature has exclusive power to determine the penological system of the Commonwealth, and it alone can prescribe the punishments to be meted out for crime. It can provide for fixed penalties or grant to the courts such measure of discretion in the imposition of sentences as it may see fit: Commonwealth ex rel. Banks v. Cain, 345 Pa. 581, 28 A.2d 897. The imposition of indefinite sentences is not discriminatory. See Commonwealth v. Sweeney, 281 Pa. 550, 127 A. 226.
The terms "indefinite" and "indeterminate" are synonymous.
Appellant next contends that he should have been sentenced on only one bill of indictment because both offenses grew out of one act, so that "the major crime swallowed up the minor offense". He relies upon Commonwealth ex rel. Schultz v. Smith, 139 Pa. Super. 357, 11 A.2d 656. That case involved a number of charges growing out of the same sexual act, and the factual situation presented was obviously different from that in the case at bar. The proposition advanced by appellant does not apply where one offense is not necessarily involved in another, but actually constitutes a separate and distinct crime. The true test of whether one criminal offense has merged in another is not whether the two criminal acts are successive steps in the same transaction but whether one crime necessarily involves the other: Commonwealth ex rel. Moszczynski v. Ashe, 343 Pa. 102, 21 A.2d 920; Commonwealth v. Comber, 374 Pa. 570, 97 A.2d 343. In the case at bar, the two offenses, while occurring at the same time, were separate and distinct and did not merge. As was said by President Judge EVANS: "Had the defendant elected to go to trial on these charges the district attorney would have been required to prove facts in one case not necessary for the disposition of the other. The offenses are separate and distinct and it is immaterial that the discovery that the defendant was driving without a license occurred at or during the investigation concerning the offense of manslaughter". See Commonwealth v. Falls and Sykes, 107 Pa. Super. 129, 162 A. 482.
It should be noted that the offense of involuntary manslaughter could not have been based merely upon the fact that appellant was operating during a period when his license was suspended. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 133 Pa. Super. 104, 1 A.2d 812; Commonwealth v. Aurick, 138 Pa. Super. 180, 10 A.2d 22. The unlawful act must be more than an attendant condition; it must be the proximate cause of the death: University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 5, page 58.
Appellant also contends that the court below erred in not holding a hearing and taking testimony. We recently pointed out in Commonwealth ex rel. Perino v. Burke, 175 Pa. Super. 291, 104 A.2d 163, that where the petition, answers and original record disclose only questions of law, a hearing is not required. Since the petition failed to make out a case entitling appellant to relief, it was properly dismissed without hearing: Commonwealth ex rel. Comer v. Maroney, 174 Pa. Super. 494, 102 A.2d 227.
Order affirmed.