Opinion
Submitted March 16, 1966.
June 24, 1966.
Criminal law — Constitutional law — 5th, 6th and 14th Amendments — Lack of counsel — Confession to police — Rule of Escobedo v. Illinois — Retroactive effect.
1. The rule of Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, with respect to the constitutional right to counsel at the pretrial stage of criminal proceedings should not be applied retrospectively to convictions finally sustained prior to the announcement of the rule on June 22, 1964. [234] Constitutional law — Right to counsel — Scope — Habeas corpus proceedings.
2. Absent unusual circumstances, there is no constitutional right to the assistance of counsel in habeas corpus proceedings; but the better practice is to appoint counsel, especially where the issue presented requires an ability to organize complex factual data, or to elicit testimony in a logical and orderly fashion. [234-5]
Mr. Justice COHEN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Before BELL, C. J., MUSMANNO, JONES, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 81, March T., 1966, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Venango County, Jan. T., 1965, No. 17, in case of Commonwealth ex rel. William C. Bell v. H. E. Russell, Superintendent. Order affirmed.
Habeas corpus.
Petition denied, order by BREENE, P.J. Relator appealed.
William C. Bell, appellant, in propria persona.
Harry W. Gent, Jr., District Attorney, for appellee.
This is an appeal from an order of the Court of Common Pleas of Venango County denying appellant's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
Appellant, while represented by counsel, was tried in November of 1959, and found guilty of murder in the second degree. He was sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of 10 to 20 years. No appeal was taken from the judgment of conviction or sentence.
Appellant now contends that his conviction should be set aside on the ground that his confession, admitted at trial, was obtained in the absence of counsel during pretrial police interrogation in violation of Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758 (1964). We find no merit in this contention.
In Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772 (1966), the Supreme Court of the United States held that Escobedo was not to be given retrospective application. Accordingly, appellant's trial having occurred prior to the decision in Escobedo, his reliance upon that case will not support the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus. Moreover, appellant does not assert, and the record does not reveal that his confession was otherwise tainted. See Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 433, 78 S.Ct. 1287 (1958); Cicenia v. LaGay, 357 U.S. 504, 78 S.Ct. 1297 (1958); Commonwealth ex rel. Mullenaux v. Myers, 421 Pa. 61, 217 A.2d 730 (1966).
Accord, Commonwealth v. Negri, 419 Pa. 117, 213 A.2d 670 (1965).
Although the Supreme Court of the United States held in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479 n. 48, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1630 n. 48 (1966), that "Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 433 (1958) and Cicenia v. LaGay, 357 U.S. 504 (1958) are not to be followed," that same Court subsequently held that the principles set forth in Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758 (1964), and Miranda are not entitled to retrospective application. Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772 (1966).
Thus, in the instant case, in which trial was commenced prior to the decision in Escobedo on June 22, 1964, the standard for determining the admissibility of a confession challenged solely on the ground of denial of counsel during custodial police Interrogation remains as set forth in Crooker v. California, supra, and Cicenia v. LaGay, supra. See Johnson v. New Jersey, supra; Miranda v. Arizona, supra.
Appellant next contends that his constitutional rights were infringed by the refusal of the court below to appoint counsel at the hearing upon his habeas corpus petition.
In considering this contention, we begin with the proposition that, absent unusual circumstances, there is no constitutional right to the assistance of counsel in habeas corpus proceedings. Flowers v. Oklahoma, 356 F.2d 916 (10th Cir. 1966); United States ex rel. Wissenfeld v. Wilkins, 281 F.2d 707, 715 (2d Cir. 1960); Dorsey v. Gill, 148 F.2d 857 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 325 U.S. 890, 65 S.Ct. 1580 (1945); Commonwealth ex rel. Dickerson v. Rundle, 411 Pa. 651, 192 A.2d 347 (1963). However, even in the absence of constitutional compulsion, we are of the view that the far better practice is to appoint counsel, especially where the issue presented requires an ability to organize complex factual data, or to elicit testimony in a logical and orderly fashion. See United States ex rel. Wissenfeld v. Wilkins, supra.
In the instant case, no factual issue is presented by appellant's petition, since the sole contention there raised is controlled as a matter of law by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Johnson v. New Jersey, supra. Under such circumstances, we are unable to conclude that the court below abused its discretion in denying appellant's request for the appointment of counsel.
Moreover, appellant's petition for writ of habeas corpus was filed, considered and denied prior to March 1, 1966, the effective date of the new Post Conviction Hearing Act, Act of January 25, 1966, P. L. 1580, 19 P. S. § 1180-1 to 1180-14. Thus, appellant, at the time of the proceedings below, had no statutory right to the appointment of counsel at the hearing upon his petition.
That Act, effective after March 1, 1966, provides: "If the petitioner is without counsel and alleges that he is without means to procure counsel, he shall state whether or not he wishes counsel to be appointed to represent him. If appointment of counsel is so requested, the court shall appoint counsel if satisfied that the petitioner has no means to procure counsel." Act of January 25, 1966, P. L. 1580, § 12, 19 P. S. § 1180-12.
Accordingly, we hold that the order of the court below denying appellant's petition for writ of habeas corpus is affirmed.
Order affirmed.
Mr. Justice COHEN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.