Summary
finding of bad faith is barred where "a defense raises a reasonable question of law or a reasonable issue of fact even though not accepted by the trial court or jury"
Summary of this case from Worsham v. Provident Companies, Inc.Opinion
34383.
ARGUED JANUARY 10, 1979.
DECIDED MARCH 7, 1979.
Certified questions from the Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Patton Hoyt, Wade C. Hoyt, III, for appellant.
Frank Jones, James I. Parker, for appellee.
The Court of Appeals, by certified question, asks for instructions on the proper standard for reviewing a judgment against an insurer for damages and attorney fees for bad faith in refusing to pay a claim. Code Ann. § 56-1206. Such judgment is not authorized if an insurer had reasonable and probable cause for making a defense to the claim. Interstate Life c. Ins. Co. v. Williamson, 220 Ga. 323 ( 138 S.E.2d 668) (1964).
However, in some cases, the Court of Appeals has reviewed such judgments upon the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict. See Poe v. Founders Life c. Co., 145 Ga. App. 757, 760 (3) ( 245 S.E.2d 166) (1978); Bituminous Casualty Corp. v. Mowery, 145 Ga. App. 45 ( 244 S.E.2d 573) (1978); Key Life Ins. Co. v. Mitchell, 129 Ga. App. 192 ( 198 S.E.2d 919) (1973); Old Equity Life Ins. Co. v. Barnard, 120 Ga. App. 596 ( 171 S.E.2d 636) (1969); Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 112 Ga. App. 1 ( 143 S.E.2d 556) (1965).
In other cases the Court of Appeals has reviewed such judgments under a rule which states that a finding of bad faith is not authorized if the evidence would have supported a verdict in accordance with the contentions of the defendant. The Court of Appeals questions this latter rule because as it states, "Since a verdict is authorized whenever there is `any evidence' to support it, the effect of these decisions is to equate the defense standard of Williamson with the any evidence rule." See United States Fire Ins. Co. v. Tuck, 115 Ga. App. 562, 573 (2) ( 155 S.E.2d 431) (1967); U.S. Fidelity c. Co. v. Biddy Lumber Co., 114 Ga. App. 358 ( 151 S.E.2d 466) (1966); St. Paul Fire Marine Ins. Co. v. Postell, 113 Ga. App. 862 ( 149 S.E.2d 864) (1966); First National Ins. Co. v. Thain, 110 Ga. App. 603 ( 139 S.E.2d 447) (1964).
1. The Court of Appeals asks: "Has the Court of Appeals in some cases improperly construed the 'reasonable and probable cause for making it' standard enunciated in Interstate Life Accident Ins. Co., 220 Ga. 323 [( 138 S.E.2d 668)] (1964) as being equivalent to the `any evidence' rule?"
The rule in Williamson appeared originally in Travelers Ins. Co. v. Sheppard, 85 Ga. 751, 765 ( 12 S.E. 18) (1890) as follows, "A defense going far enough to show reasonable and probable cause for making it, would vindicate the good faith of the company as effectually as would a complete defence to the action. On the other hand, any defense not manifesting such reasonable and probable cause, would expose the company to the imputation of bad faith and to the assessment of damages therefor under section 2850 of the code."
The standard for reviewing any judgment is whether the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict. Under the rule announced in Williamson and Sheppard the insurer's defense must be evaluated because if there was "reasonable and probable cause to make it" an award for damages and attorney fees for bad faith is not authorized. Not every defense bars a finding of bad faith. It is a defense which raises a reasonable question of law or a reasonable issue of fact though not accepted by the trial court or jury.
This is the intention of the statute authorizing damages and attorney fees against insurers for refusing to pay promptly which we perceive was to penalize them for resisting and delaying payment unless good cause was shown. Accordingly we disapprove the rule that a finding of bad faith is not authorized if the evidence would have supported a verdict in accordance with the contentions of the defendant. This is an "any evidence" rule being used to reverse a judgment. Such a rule virtually precludes a finding of bad faith and allows unreasonable defenses to delay payment with impunity. The proper rule is that the judgment should be affirmed if there is any evidence to support it unless it can be said as a matter of law that there was a reasonable defense which vindicates the good faith of the insurer.
Question 1 is answered in the affirmative.
2. The Court of Appeals also certifies to us this question: "Is the determination of whether the insurance company's defense meets the reasonable and probable cause standard of Williamson, supra, a threshold question of law for the trial judge, a factual question for the jury or both? Under what circumstances, if any, should a trial judge direct a verdict on the statutory penalties for bad faith?"
We decline to answer the second question because it cannot be answered affirmatively or negatively without regard to other issues of law or of fact. Chapman v. Phillips, 221 Ga. 278 ( 144 S.E.2d 449) (1965).
Certified Question No. 1 answered in the affirmative. Question No. 2 not answered. All the Justices concur.