Opinion
No. 4050.
Decided July 9, 1951.
The fundamental test of dependency under the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act (Laws 1947, c. 266, s. 20) is whether the earnings of the decedent were relied upon by the dependent for his means of support judging by the class and position in life of such dependent. Dependency is to be determined upon the evidence as a whole not solely upon contributions out of earnings. Where an inappropriate order is made by the Trial Court because of a misapprehension as to the requirements of a statute the case must be remanded for further order or amendment indicating exercise of discretion, or in the absence of exercise of discretion a new trial should be had.
PETITION, under the Workmen's Compensation Act (Laws 1947, c. 266), brought by the parents of Walter B. Colby, late of Ossipee, to recover compensation for his death on August 11, 1948, resulting from injury in the course of his employment by the named defendant. The sole question in dispute was whether the plaintiffs or either of them were dependents of the decedent within the meaning of section 20 of the Act. Trial by the court, with a decree for the defendants. The plaintiffs excepted to the denial of certain requests for rulings and findings, to the denial of their motion to set aside the court's decree, and of their motion to reopen for the introduction of further evidence and for a new trial under R.L., c. 398, s. 1.
The Trial Court found that at the time of the decedent's death his father was 69 years of age and his mother 64. He was one of seven children, five of whom were living prior to the accident. The other four were boys, each of whom was married and living with his own family. In 1946, Walter was discharged from military service and returned to live with the plaintiffs. During the preceding four years, while he had been in service he had sent to his mother monthly amounts ranging from $10 to $25, to be used by her as she saw fit. Upon his return to civilian life, he paid a hospital bill and doctor's bill of his mother's which she was unable to pay. He found employment with the defendant Varney where he continued to work until his death, receiving wages of $42 a week. The Court found that during the period while he lived with his parents Walter paid no regular board "chiefly because his father would not take it." The Court also made the following findings: "He did, however, buy some of the food for the household more or less regularly and bought other materials for the home from time to time. He also furnished his mother with money for clothes and other personal things and in some instances bought clothes for her. There was no set amount which he was expected to contribute to the household, and no evidence was introduced to show how much he actually paid out from his earnings for the benefit of the home consisting of his parents and himself. . . . [The father's] earnings ranged from $1,029 in 1940 to $1,810 in 1946. In 1947, he was out of work about a month and earned a total of $1,703 during that year, During 1948, his earnings were $1,938. While his health was not very good, Mr. Colby kept working the way most decent citizens do in an attempt to avoid becoming entirely dependent any sooner than necessary. A few years before 1948, he had purchased a very modest home which he owned in 1948. His earnings were used to keep his old car in operation to get back and forth to his work, in supplying his household with necessities, and in general caring for his home. His savings bank account amounted to about $350 in 1948, which he was saving for his funeral expenses. His wife had no earnings, but had a small savings account made up of gifts of money which had been made to her by Walter. She had been somewhat crippled with arthritis for several years before 1948 and required some outside help in looking after her housework. Walter did a considerable amount of work around the house helping his mother who was then sixty-four years of age. This work consisted of such household chores as preparing meals and washing dishes. He also helped out in preparing the wood, keeping the fires going, shoveling snow and mowing the lawn. Whenever there was heavy work to be done, such as digging a ditch, he would do it; and if he had not been at home the work would either have gone without doing or someone would have had to be hired to do it."
Other facts appear in the opinion. Reserved and transferred by Goodnow, C.J.
William H. Sleeper and Robert Shaw and Wayne J. Mullavey (Mr. Mullavey orally), for the plaintiffs.
Eliot U. Wyman (by brief and orally), for the defendants.
Section 20 of chapter 266, Laws 1947 provides for the payment of benefits to the dependent or dependents of a deceased employee as previously defined in the Act in cases where death results from compensable injury. Section 2 VII, defines dependents as follows: "Dependents, shall mean the employee's . . . parents . . . who were wholly or partially dependent in fact upon the earnings of the employee for support at the time of the injury."
The rationale of the decision made below is indicated by the following findings and rulings: "If a son, from his earnings, contributed to the support of his parents' household more than the fair cost of his own support in that household, his parents would then be in a position to claim that they were at least partially dependent on his `earnings' for their support. If a son contributed no more of his earnings than would pay the fair cost of his own support, the parents can not be said to be dependent on his earnings for their support. In this case there is no evidence on which the Court can find that Walter Colby contributed to his parents' household from his earnings more than the fair cost of his own support in that household. The Court finds that at the time of Walter's death on August 11, 1948, neither of the plaintiffs were either wholly or partially dependent in fact upon the earnings of their son Walter for their support."
Undoubtedly authority can be found in the decisions for the view that where contributions by a wage earner to the household in which he lives are less than the cost of his own support, other members of the household cannot be found dependent upon his earnings, so as to be entitled to workmen's compensation benefits. See 9 Schneider, Workmen's Compensation, Text, 5. It is also true that under our workmen's compensation law, dependency upon the earnings of a deceased workman for support determines the right of his parents to compensation.
We are of the opinion however that the Trial Court in this case took a more narrow view of the evidence than the statute requires. Under the present act, as under the former one, the fundamental test of dependency is that of "reliance [upon earnings] for means of living." Lapoint v. Winn, 81 N.H. 357, 359. As was said in Powers v. Company, 89 Conn. 143, 152, cited in Lapoint v. supra, "the test is, whether the contributions were relied upon by the dependent for his or her means of living, judging this by the class and position in life of the dependent." See also, O'Dea v. Chicago Bridge Iron Works, 119 Conn. 37.
But in determining whether the plaintiffs were dependent upon the earnings of the decedent for support, the statute does not require that contributions out of earnings alone shall be considered. Were the plaintiffs in fact dependent upon those earnings is the question. It must be answered upon the evidence as a whole. In weighing against the cost of the decedent's support the value his contributions to the household, contributions other than from earnings may be considered.
The Court found that beside contributing from his earnings to the operation of his parents' household, the decedent "did a considerable amount of work around the house" for his mother, for which she had required "some outside help" before 1948; and that he also prepared wood for fuel, tended fires, shoveled snow, and mowed the lawn, "work [which] would [otherwise] have gone without doing or someone would have had to be hired to do it." Obviously these were contributions of value to the plaintiffs, which could be found to have permitted use of the father's earnings other purposes. As the plaintiffs suggested by their seventh request for rulings and findings and by their motion to set aside the decree, these contributions might have been considered by the Court as a proper offset against benefits received by the decedent as member of the household. Together with his contributions out earnings, they could fairly be found of sufficient value to exceed the cost of his support, although such a finding was not compelled.
It was unnecessary to find that the decedent contributed more than the fair cost of his support "from his earnings" alone. In ruling that this was a prerequisite to a finding of partial dependency, we think that the Trial Court was in error. The evidence was sufficient if it warranted a finding that contributions from earnings represented some net benefit to the plaintiffs, upon which they relied in part for their support.
In determining whether dependency in fact existed, regard may be had as much to the way of life disclosed by the evidence as to a mathematical balancing of accounts. In Wills v. State Compensation Commissioner, 114 W. Va. 822, the court was called upon to construe a statute which provided benefits for parents "dependent in whole or part for . . . support upon the earnings of the employee." (Code W. Va. 1931 23-4-10 (g)). In setting aside a finding that no partial dependency existed, the court said: "Dependency should not be determined by a mathematical balancing of accounts . . . . In such situation the true test of partial dependency is whether the mother regularly received from the son's wages a part of her support, and whether there was ground for reasonable expectation on her part that the son would continue to contribute to her maintenance . . . . It must . . . be considered that his contributions made it possible for her to set up and maintain the household in such manner that she could furnish him board and lodging of the character received. And then too, where . . . the contributions of the son are lost, it may very readily come about that the mother may have to adopt a far more restricted basis of domestic life." Ib., 824, 825.
The finding that the plaintiffs were not partially dependent, taken in its context, appears to have been made because of a misapprehension as to the requirements of the Act, and upon the supposition that it was compelled as a matter of law. Under the circumstances, the case must be remanded. "In this situation the appropriate procedure is to return the case to the superior court for an order, or for amendment . . . . If the court did not exercise its discretion and make a finding upon the issue . . ., the defendant is entitled to a new trial" (Gerry v. Neugebauer, 83 N.H. 23, 27); "the extent of which is for the trial court to determine." Vallee v. Company, 89 N.H. 285, 291. If discretion was in fact exercised, that is, if the finding was not made because considered to be required under the act as a matter of law, the findings should be amended to so indicate, and the decree may stand.
Case discharged.
All concurred.