Opinion
Docket No. 76097.
Decided May 6, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
Foster, Swift, Collins Coey, P.C. (by Michael J. Schmedlen), for plaintiffs. Lynch, Gallagher, Lynch, Shirley, Martineau Campbell (by Reynolds H. Campbell), for defendants.
During some or all of the academic years since 1974-1975, defendants were faculty members at Central Michigan University within the bargaining unit for which plaintiff, Central Michigan University Faculty Association is the exclusive bargaining representative. Defendants refused to join the association or to pay a service fee equivalent to the amount of member dues as required by the bargaining agreement between CMU and the association. On May 7, 1976, the association brought suit against defendant, George L. Stengren, for money damages in the amount of the service fees then allegedly owed and for equitable enforcement of the service fee obligation. This suit was certified as a class action on January 4, 1977, and the other defendants were joined as parties.
The collective-bargaining agreement between the association and CMU includes a procedure for objecting to use of the service fees for political and ideological expenditures. On February 13, 1981, the trial court granted the association's motion for a stay of proceedings and ordered defendants to exhaust that remedy. Defendants refused to participate in the procedure. In their amended answer and counterclaim to the association's 1980 first amended complaint, defendants requested a declaratory judgment that the procedure violated their First Amendment and due process rights. Their refusal to participate in the proceedings was based on the contention that forcing them to participate would also deny them those constitutional rights.
The association conducted its internal proceedings ex parte. On March 11, 1983, the association's tribunal, called the Citizens Service Fee Review Committee (CSFRC), issued a decision. The association then filed a motion to affirm the CSFRC's determination, which was treated as a motion for summary judgment, GCR 1963, 117.2(3). Defendants opposed that motion and filed a cross-motion pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3) and 521 for summary and declaratory judgment on their affirmative defenses and counterclaims that their constitutional rights were violated. After a hearing, the court ruled that it would grant the association's motion on the ground that the stay order was never appealed and that defendants' refusal to participate in the internal procedure "effectively waives their rights to complain about that procedure".
On January 6, 1984, judgment was entered against each defendant and class member for past and future service fees in accordance with the decision of the CSFRC. The judgment also denied defendants' cross-motions for summary and declaratory judgment.
Defendants appeal from the trial judge's February 17, 1981, order requiring them to participate in the association's internal proceedings and from the final judgment. Plaintiff association cross-appeals from the trial judge's determination of the amount of prejudgment interest to which it is entitled.
In Kempner v Local 2077, AFL-CIO, 126 Mich. App. 452; 337 N.W.2d 354 (1983), app dis ___ US ___; 105 S Ct 316; 83 L Ed 2d 254 (1984), this Court held that an employee may be required to exhaust the remedies provided by a union for determining the proper amount of service fees chargeable prior to litigating the correct amount of service fees in court. Kempner relied upon the United States Supreme Court's encouragement in Brotherhood of Railway Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express Station Employees v Allen, 373 U.S. 113, 122-123; 83 S Ct 1158; 10 L Ed 2d 235 (1963), that unions adopt voluntary plans under which dissenting employees are afforded an internal union remedy for determining the proper amount of service fees chargeable to them. Kempner also relied upon the United States Supreme Court decision in Abood v Detroit Bd of Ed, 431 U.S. 209; 97 S Ct 1782; 52 L Ed 2d 261 (1977). In Abood, the Court stated it may be appropriate to require an employee to exhaust the remedies provided by the union prior to litigating the amount of service fees in judicial proceedings. 431 U.S. 242. Thus, the trial court's order requiring defendants to participate in the intraunion proceedings was not a violation of their constitutional rights.
Abood left open the question of whether the procedure provided was constitutionally sufficient. 431 U.S. 242, fn 45; Ellis v Brotherhood of Railway, Airline Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express Station Employees, ___ US ___; 104 S Ct 1883; 80 L Ed 2d 428, 439 (1984). The constitutional sufficiency of the remedy can still be challenged by defendants. If the procedure is constitutionally sufficient, then defendants would be precluded by the exhaustion of remedies doctrine from challenging the CSFRC's determination as to the amount of service fees properly chargeable to them. The trial court should have considered, as this Court will now consider, the constitutional sufficiency of the procedure provided by the collective-bargaining agreement.
The procedure provided by the association for dissenting members to challenge the amount of service fees requires the dissenting members to object to political and ideological expenditures to the executive director of the Michigan Education Association. If the dissenting member is dissatisfied with the executive director's determination, he may appeal to the executive committee of the board of directors of the MEA. If the employee is still dissatisfied, he may appeal the executive committee's decision to the CSFRC. Although this Citizens Service Fee Review Committee is composed of disinterested citizens who are not a part of or employed by the MEA or the NEA or its affiliates, this committee is appointed by the president of the MEA with the approval of the board of directors of the MEA.
National Education Association.
Because members of the CSFRC are chosen solely by the MEA, of which plaintiff is an affiliate, the CSFRC is not an impartial tribunal. Accordingly, we find the intraunion procedure provided by plaintiff is constitutionally insufficient to protect defendants' rights. Due process of law requires that the mediator of a dispute be unbiased. In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133; 75 S Ct 623; 99 L Ed 942 (1955); Albion Public Schools v Albion Ed Ass'n/MEA/NEA, 130 Mich. App. 698; 344 N.W.2d 55 (1983).
Defendants argue that the service fee scheme established by plaintiff permits it to spend monies in violation of defendants' First Amendment rights. In Ellis, supra, the Supreme Court set forth a test for determining toward which expenditures of a union dissenting members could constitutionally be required to pay. The trial court did not address that question. No evidence was presented regarding the actual expenditures made by plaintiff. The record is insufficient for us to determine the constitutionality of the expenditures. Therefore, this question cannot be reviewed at this time. Because the intraunion procedure is constitutionally inadequate, the amount of service fees payable should be determined by the trial court on remand.
We do affirm the trial court's method of computation of the prejudgment interest to which plaintiff was entitled. MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 provides for prejudgment interest. In accordance with Foremost Life Ins Co v Waters (On Rem), 125 Mich. App. 799; 337 N.W.2d 29 (1983), the trial judge properly limited plaintiff to recovery of prejudgment interest on the service fees payable after the complaint was filed from the date they became due. Plaintiff is not entitled to prejudgment interest on the entire amount of the judgment from the date the complaint was filed. The trial judge also properly limited plaintiff to recovery of the interest earned by the service fees paid into the escrow account. The payment of the service fees into the escrow account cut off plaintiff's right to prejudgment interest as to the amount tendered into the escrow account. Kleynenberg v Highlands Realty Corp, 340 Mich. 339; 65 N.W.2d 769 (1954); Cates v Moyses, 57 Mich. App. 405; 226 N.W.2d 106, amended aff'd 394 Mich. 762; 228 N.W.2d 380 (1975).
Affirmed in part and remanded. Costs to defendants.