Summary
applying the disparate treatment theory under the former act, the fair employment practices act
Summary of this case from Wyatt v. Southland Corp.Opinion
Docket No. 30916.
Decided December 27, 1977.
Appeal from Ingham, Jack W. Warren, J. Submitted June 9, 1977, at Lansing. (Docket No. 30916.) Decided December 27, 1977.
The Civil Rights Commission, acting on the complaint of Elmer Boyd, alleging racial discrimination in his discharge from employment, issued an order against Chrysler Corporation, Mack Avenue Stamping Plant, for reinstatement. Chrysler appealed to the circuit court, which summarily held for Chrysler. The Civil Rights Commission appealed by leave granted. Reversed and remanded for a decision on the merits, 64 Mich. App. 393 (1975). After remand the circuit court reversed the order of the Civil Rights Commission. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Michael A. Lockman and Joseph Cusmano, Assistants Attorney General, for Michigan Civil Rights Commission.
Philo, Cockrel, Spearman, Cooper, Rine, King and Atkinson, for Elmer Boyd.
A. William Rolf, for Chrysler Corporation.
In this case, the Civil Rights Commission and Elmer Boyd claim that Boyd was discharged from his employment at Chrysler Corporation, Mack Avenue Stamping Plant, because of his race. The procedural history of this case can be found in the report of a prior appeal in this matter, Civil Rights Commission v Chrysler Corp, 64 Mich. App. 393; 235 N.W.2d 791 (1975). Pursuant to the remand ordered in that opinion, the circuit court has now passed on the merits of Boyd's claim and found that his discharge was not racially motivated, but rather the result of his poor work performance, as claimed by the employer.
Boyd was discharged from his job as a hi-lo driver on April 25, 1968. Boyd was originally hired by Chrysler in 1944 and, although his specific job inside the plant had varied, he had been a hi-lo driver since that time. Boyd's service with Chrysler was lengthy, but his last years were checkered with disciplinary proceedings, disciplinary layoffs and at least one previous discharge.
The discharge with which we must concern ourselves was precipitated by Boyd's transfer from a job inside the plant to an outside job at the salvage yard adjacent to the plant. This transfer was necessitated by Boyd's presentation of a doctor's certificate which, after evaluation by the Chrysler medical staff, prevented Boyd from working inside the plant near smoke, gas or other airborne debris. There were no jobs which would meet this medical classification inside the plant. The company was thus put to the choice of transferring Boyd to a different department or providing him with this outside job. Boyd replaced a white man on the job outside.
Boyd's primary duty at the yard was to load bins of scrap brought from inside the plant by others onto his hi-lo and dump them in trailers for later removal from the grounds. The yard supervisor, O.C. Buckner, also had certain duties in relation to the scrap and was to aid Boyd in the performance of his duties.
I
At the time of Boyd's discharge, § 3 of the fair employment practices act, 1955 PA 251, MCLA 423.303; MSA 17.458(3), made it an unfair labor practice for an employer to discriminate in any matter related to employment because of race. Even though this statute has since been repealed, see footnote 1, our review proceeds as if under the prior act.
The Civil Rights Commission was given authority over such claims by the Legislature in the original civil rights commission act, 1963 PA 45 (2nd Ex Sess) (MCLA 37.6; MSA 3.548[6]), after the commission was created in Const 1963, art 5, § 29.
By 1976 PA 453, effective March 31, 1977, the Legislature repealed the former unfair employment practices act, 1955 PA 251, MCLA 423.301 et seq.; MSA 17.458(1) et seq., the Fair Housing Act, 1968 PA 112 (MCLA 564.101 et seq.; MSA 26.1300[101] et seq.) and the original civil rights commission act, 1963 PA 45 (2nd Ex Sess). The basic purpose of these former acts was reinacted by the same bill as the Michigan Civil Rights Act, MCLA 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. The new act specifically prohibits an employer from discharging an employee on account of race. MCLA 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a). The lack of a savings clause in the new act will not affect liabilities accrued under the old act. 73 Am Jur 2d, Statutes, § 391.
A panel of this Court recently noted that the Constitution provided for de novo review in the circuit court but made no provision for further review and concluded that Court of Appeals review was limited to whether the commission's decision was supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Civil Rights Commission ex rel Dixon v Ford Motor Co, 75 Mich. App. 59; 254 N.W.2d 652 (1977). We do not believe the Ford panel correctly decided this question. Review in the Court of Appeals must be of the circuit court's decision, not that of the commission. To hold otherwise would render the constitutionally required de novo review in the circuit court, Const 1963, art 5, § 29, meaningless. Also, we measure the circuit court's findings not by the standard of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCLA 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq., but rather, by whether the findings are clearly erroneous under the standard of GCR 1963, 517.1. This was made clear by the Legislature for future cases in the 1976 act, MCLA 37.2606(3); MSA 3.548(606)(3), which provides for review from the circuit court "in the same manner and form as other appeals from that court".
The panel in Civil Rights Commission ex rel Dixon v Ford Motor Co, 75 Mich. App. 59; 254 N.W.2d 652 (1977), drew its scope of review from Const 1963, art 6, § 28 and MCLA 24.306; MSA 3.560(206), i.e., whether the decision was supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.
II
"The crux of a civil rights suit is that similarly situated people have been treated differently because of their race." Franklin v Crosby Typesetting Co and International Typographical Union, 411 F. Supp. 1167, 1172 (ND Tex, 1976).
The allegation that Boyd's discharge was racially motivated is based on the premise that Boyd's job as a hi-lo driver and Buckner's job as yard supervisor were so intertwined that Boyd's performance was necessarily tied to Buckner's. Boyd was fired for his failure to adequately perform his job, and yet no disciplinary action was taken against Buckner.
The type of discrimination alleged here has been labeled "disparate treatment". To make a prima facie showing of discrimination, the one claiming disparate treatment must show that he was a member of the class entitled to protection under the act and that, for the same or similar conduct, he was treated differently than one who was a member of a different race. Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich. 537, 542, 549; 189 N.W.2d 243 (1971). Cf. McDonald v Sante Fe Trail Transportation Co, 427 U.S. 273, 282-283; 96 S Ct 2574; 49 L Ed 2d 493 (1976).
In Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich. 537; 189 N.W.2d 243 (1971), the Supreme Court held that the statute created a private cause of action and that one who had been the victim of discrimination need not proceed through the Civil Rights Commission. The Court also held that the complaint in Pompey stated a prima facie case of racial discrimination. An examination of the complaint filed in that case shows that plaintiff alleged that he was a Negro, that he and other white crane operators were similarly situated in that they had been disciplined and suspended for infraction of company rules, and, that only plaintiff, a Negro, had been demoted because of the infractions.
We think that an alternative prima facie case would be available to one who showed that he was black, that he was discharged, and that the person discharging him was predisposed to discriminate against blacks and had actually acted on that disposition in discharging him. Taylor v Safeway Stores Inc, 365 F. Supp. 468 (D Colo, 1973) affirmed in part, reversed in part, 524 F.2d 263 (CA 10, 1975).
In this case, the hearing examiner heard all the testimony and concluded that Boyd had failed to carry his burden of showing that race was the reason for his discharge. The commission, based on this same evidence, found that Boyd's performance was directly related to Buckner's and that Chrysler's failure to provide adequate training, plus its failure to discipline Buckner, raised an inference that Boyd's discharge was racially motivated.
The circuit court also made its decision on the basis of the record made before the administrative law judge. This was proper. Burrell v Annapolis Hospital, 36 Mich. App. 537; 193 N.W.2d 900 (1971). Although the circuit court's opinion is not as concise as it could have been, it concluded that Boyd failed to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his discharge was racially motivated. We review that conclusion to determine if it is clearly erroneous.
III
In deciding whether Boyd has made a prima facie showing of disparate treatment, several principles must be kept in mind. First, the prima facie showing of discrimination which Boyd is responsible for making is not merely presentation of enough evidence to avoid a directed verdict, as if this were a jury trial, but rather, presentation of enough evidence to entitle him to a judgment if a nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge is not shown. Flowers v Crouch-Walker Corp, 552 F.2d 1277, 1283, n 4, (CA 7, 1977), Woods v North American Rockwell Corp, 480 F.2d 644, 647 n 3 (CA 10, 1973).
We agree with the position taken by all the parties in this case that it is appropriate to rely on Federal decisions in making our decision. Federal legislation (Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII [42 U.S.C. § 2000E, et seq.]), also prohibits racial discrimination in employment. The Federal courts have had a much greater opportunity to review questions dealing with racial discrimination in employment than have the state courts. We believe that Federal precedent, although not binding, is persuasive in determining what the substantive law of racial discrimination in employment is at the present time.
Second, all the evidence presented must be considered, there is no need to ignore opposing evidence to determine if Boyd has made a prima facie case. If the company can refute a claim of disparate treatment, it need not shoulder the burden of proving a valid nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge. Henry v Ford Motor Co, 553 F.2d 46 (CA 8, 1977).
With these principles in mind, we examine the evidence which plaintiffs claim raises the inference of discrimination.
IV
The Attorney General states that the sole claim of discrimination here is based on the theory of disparate treatment. A necessary part of determining whether similarly situated persons were treated differently is to determine whether, in fact, they were similarly situated. Chrysler contends that the jobs were not so interrelated as to cause performance at one to equal performance of the other.
Boyd had been a hi-lo driver since he was hired by Chrysler in 1944. Buckner's duties did not include driving a hi-lo. Boyd claims that although he was a competent hi-lo operator, he needed instruction and assistance from Buckner in order to perform this particular job.
No evidence was presented which would indicate that Buckner, or anyone else, gave more instruction or more assistance to white drivers who held this job before Boyd. The employer cannot be held liable for failure to train an employee to perform a particular task absent a showing that this failure constituted dissimilar treatment. Long v Ford Motor Co, 496 F.2d 500 (CA 6, 1974).
Nor can we conclude that Buckner's cooperation was essential to Boyd's job performance. Boyd's job was to pick up the bins of scrap on the prongs of his hi-lo and dump them into trailers. A part of Buckner's job was to make sure that the scrap in these bins was properly sorted before being dumped into the appropriate trailer and to remove usable material which had erroneously been scrapped. The only testimony on the point shows that 80% of the bins brought from inside the plant required no sorting by Buckner.
There were five categories or types of scrap: (1) welding rod, (2) galvanized metal, (3) number one baling material, (4) heavy prepared or unprepared pieces and, (5) junk of all kinds including ducts, steel tables, steel chairs, banding iron, wire mesh, fencing and anything else that is worthless.
Dumping the scrap was Boyd's primary job. Because he never dumped all of the available bins he did not do the secondary tasks which were part of this job. Additional workers were brought from within the plant to do these tasks and relieve the dangerous condition which resulted. The testimony by Chrysler employees showed that only Boyd had trouble completing all of the tasks which were part of this job.
Buckner's cooperation was needed if the bin brought from inside the plant needed to be chained to the prongs of the hi-lo. Because of the construction of some bins, this was necessary to prevent dumping a bin into the trailer when the scrap was dumped. Testimony shows that this was necessary for only two or three bins a day. There was no testimony that Buckner was unavailable to chain the bins when necessary.
Boyd argues that he could not dump even these bins because he needed Buckner to identify the type of scraps, see note 5, and point to the proper trailer. The record contains photographs of the various types of scrap involved in this operation. They seem easy enough to distinguish from one another. Indeed, Boyd's own testimony establishes that he could distinguish one type of scrap from another even though he could not name them. The testimony indicated that a new driver may need help in identifying the types of scrap for the first few days, but not thereafter. Boyd had been on the job a sufficiently long period to be able to identify these types of scrap.
Even if his theory concerning the lack of cooperation by Buckner is given full credit, Boyd's testimony at the hearing before the commission included a different reason for his poor work performance. At the hearing, Boyd testified that he was often away from his hi-lo warming himself in the guard shanty because of the cold and a troublesome hemorrhoid condition.
Other testimony, supported by photographs, showed that the operator's area on Boyd's hi-lo was enclosed and heated. We also note that Boyd's work in the salvage yard took place entirely during the day and entirely during the month of April.
We also note that Boyd made no complaint about either of these conditions until after his discharge. The company could not be expected to help Boyd cope with these problems, and thus aid his job performance, unless it was aware of them.
Based on our review of the entire record, we conclude that Boyd did not make a prima facie showing that he was treated differently than any other similarly situated person. He was not similarly situated with Buckner and he presented no proof as to any other individual. The circuit court was not clearly erroneous in finding that Boyd had failed to sustain his burden of proof.
Affirmed.