Summary
distinguishing an act that is "public in its nature and performed as the agent of the State in furtherance of general law for the interest of the public at large" from those "performed primarily for the benefit of those within the corporate limits of the municipality"
Summary of this case from City of League City v. Jimmy Changas, Inc.Opinion
No. 8166.
Decided February 2, 1944. Rehearing overruled February 23, 1944.
1. — Municipal Corporations — Damages.
In an action for personal injuries to a child inflicted by a hay mower operated by a city employee in cutting weeds and grass along the shoulders of a city street, the test of liability rests upon whether the act being performed by the city's employee or agent is for the furtherance of a general law for the interest of the public at large, or whether it is primarily for the benefit of those within the corporate limits of the city.
2. — Governmental Functions — Streets.
The cleaning, maintenance and grading of streets by a municipality are not governmental functions, but are proprietary or corporate for the benefit of those residing within its corporate limits, and a city is liable for the negligence of its employees in the performance of such duties.
3. — Municipal Corporations — Streets.
The cutting of weeds along the shoulders or sides of a street in a city was incident to the cleaning and maintenance of said street as a part of the regular street work, the benefit of which accrued to those living within its corporate limits, and was not being done in the discharge of any government function.
4. — Evidence — Res Gestae.
In determining whether evidence should be admitted as part of the res gestae of an accident, each case must stand upon its own facts, as such evidence is the transaction voicing itself rather than the witness speaking, and if, upon a fair analysis, a statement made after the event does not appear to be a continuation of the event, or the spontaneous utterances of the facts arising out of the transaction itself, it is not res gestae, and therefore not admissible in evidence.
5. — Misconduct of Jury — Statement by Juror.
The receiving of new testimony by jurors during their deliberations, such as a statement made by one of the jurors as to his experiences under similar circumstances, was misconduct, regardless of testimony by other jurors that such statement did not influence them in their verdict.
6. — Evidence — Misconduct of Jury — Courts.
Under Rule 327, Rules of Civil Procedure, the party alleging misconduct of jury must not only show that such misconduct occurred but that it probably resulted in injury to him, and the fact that some of the jurors testified that they were not influenced by such misconduct cannot be considered by the court in passing upon the question of probable injury.
7. — Misconduct of Jury — Courts.
Misconduct of the jury having been established the question of probable injury becomes one of law for the courts which in considering such issue will examine the entire record of the case.
Error to the Court of Civil Appeals for the First District, in an appeal from Harris County.
This was a suit brought by Benancio Quionones, for himself and as next friend to his minor daughter who was injured by a mowing machine, operated by the City of Houston in cutting weeds along the side of one of its streets. The opinion contains a full statement of the case. Plaintiff recovered a judgment in the trial court, which was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals, 172 S.W.2d 187, and City of Houston has brought error to the Supreme Court.
The judgments of both courts are reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court.
Lewis W. Cutrer, City Attorney, and Lester Settergast and Harry Dippel, Assistant City Attorney, for the City of Houston, petitioner.
It was error for the Court of Civil Appeals to hold that because the weeds in question were being cut for the primary purpose of cleaning the streets by an employee of the street and bridge department of the city, and not by the Health Officer, the city was not performing a governmental function, and it was not error for the trial court to refuse to grant the city's motion for an instructed verdict and judgment non obstante veredicto. McBurney v. Norris, 142 Geo. 409, 83 S.E. 109; Ostrom v. City of San Antonio, 94 Tex. 523, 62 S.W. 909; Tompkins v. Williams, 62 S.W.2d 70; City of Munday v. Shaw, 100 S.W.2d 765.
On the question of misconduct of jury not resulting in injury to plaintiff. Gillett Motor Transport Co. v. Whitfield, 160 S.W.2d 290; Barrington v. Duncan, 169 S.W.2d 462.
Verle C. Witham and Robert H. Martin, both of Houston, and George W. Eddy, of Dallas, for respondents.
The cutting of weeds upon the occasion in question was not solely for public health, but primarily for the purpose, of cleaning the street and therefore the city was liable for the negligence of its employee. Kling v. City of Austin, 62 S.W.2d 689; Adams v. Grapotte, 130 Tex. 587, 111 S.W.2d 690; Kimbrough v. Powell, 13 S.W.2d 467.
On the question of misconduct. City of Amarillo v. Huddleston, 152 S.W.2d 1088; Kuntz v. Spence, 48 S.W.2d 418; Akers v. Epperson, 171 S.W.2d 483.
On the issue of res gestae. Brown v. Mitchell, 31 S.W. 621; Foley Dry Goods Co. v. Settegast, 133 S.W.2d 228.
This suit was brought by Benanico Quinones, individually and as next friend of his minor daughter, Nera Quinones, against the City of Houston, for personal injuries sustained by the minor child. Based upon the verdict of the jury, the trial court rendered judgment for plaintiff in the sum of $27,210.00. Upon appeal by the City, the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court. 172 S.W.2d 187. The application for writ of error filed by the City was granted by this Court.
The injury was caused by a horse-powered mowing machine owned and operated by the City of Houston, and driven by J.T. Stafford, an employee of the Street and Bridge Department of petitioner. Stafford was cutting weeds along the shoulders of Ralston Street when the injury occurred. The place of the accident was in a sparsely inhabited neighborhood and in the 2500 block on Ralston Street, where nearly every lot facing the street was vacant. Ralston Street is a shelled highway. Its shoulders and ditches, as well as the adjacent vacant lots in the 2500 block, were thickly covered with weeds growing approximately five feet high. There were no sidewalks in the 2500 block, and pedestrians had to walk on the shelled highway or in the weeds. As to whether the child, Nera Quinones, was walking on the shelled portion of Ralston Street, or was walking in the weeds, was a contested issue. Stafford did not see the child until she was a few inches in front of the blade of his mowing machine. He stopped as quickly as possible, but not in time to avoid the injury. The blade cut the child's legs so badly that they had to be amputated below the knees.
Plaintiff based his cause of action on the ground that Stafford was guilty of negligence in operating the mower. The jury found that Stafford had failed to keep a proper lookout, and that such failure was negligence and the proximate cause of the injury.
Petitioner's application for writ of error was granted on the following three points presented by it: (1) That the cutting of weeds by the City was a governmental function, because it was done for the promotion of public health; (2) that the trial court committed error in admitting testimony of the child's mother regarding declarations made by the child as part of the res gestae; and (3) that there was misconduct of the jury.
In the recent case of City of Tyler v. Ingram, 139 Tex. 600, 164 S.W.2d 516, this Court had before it for decision the liability of a city for alleged negligent acts of an employee of the city, and in that case the following rules were announced:
"A municipal corporation functions in a dual capacity. At times it functions as a private corporation, and at other times it functions as an arm of the government. Therefore its liability or nonliability rests upon the following two rules:
"1. When a municipal corporation acts in its private capacity, for the benefit only of those within its corporate limits, and not as an arm of the government, it is liable for the negligence of its representatives. Scroggins v. City of Harlingen, 131 Tex. 237, 112 S.W.2d 1035, 114 S.W.2d 853; City of Waco v. Branch et al, 117 Tex. 394, 5 S.W.2d 498; Id., Tex. Civ. App., 8 S.W.2d 271; City of Amarillo v. Ware, 120 Tex. 456, 40 S.W.2d 57; City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118, 50 Am. Rep. 517; 30 Tex. Jur., p. 542, sec. 299; 6 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, 2d Ed., p. 1058, sec. 2796.
"2. A municipal corporation is not liable for the negligence of its agents and employees in the performance of purely governmental matters solely for the public benefit. Scroggins v. City of Harlingen, supra; City of Dallas v. Smith, 130 Tex. 225, 107 S.W.2d 872; Gartman v. City of McAllen, 130 Tex. 237, 107 S.W.2d 879; City of Fort Worth v. Wiggins, Tex. Com. App., 5 S.W.2d 761; City of Amarillo v. Ware, 120 Tex. 456, 40 S.W.2d 57; City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, supra; City of Trenton v. State of New Jersey, 262 U.S. 182, 43 S.Ct. 534, 67 L.Ed. 937, 29 A.L.R. 1471; 30 Tex. Jur., p. 523, sec. 289; 6 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, 2d Ed., pp. 1044 and 1058, secs. 2793 and 2796."
1, 2 The underlying test is whether the act performed by a city is public in its nature and performed as the agent of the State in furtherance of general law for the interest of the public at large, or whether it is performed primarily for the benefit of those within the corporate, limits of the municipality. The cleaning, maintenance, and grading of streets by a municipality are not governmental functions, but are proprietary or corporate functions, and a city is liable for damages resulting from the negligence of its servants in the performance of those duties. City of Panhandle v. Byrd, 130 Tex. 96, 106 S.W.2d 660; City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118, 50 Am. Rep. 517; City of Wichita Falls v. Mauldin (Tex. Com. App.), 39 S.W.2d 859; Ostrom v. City of San Antonio, 94 Tex. 523, 62 S.W. 909; City of Wichita Falls v. Sullivan (Tex. Com. App.), 39 S.W.2d 882; City of Wichita Falls v. Phillips (Tex. Civ. App.), 87 S.W.2d 544.
Petitioner contends that this case is controlled by the holding in the City of Fort Worth v. George, 108 S.W.2d 929, writ refused. We think the facts in that case are clearly distinguishable from those in this case. It was held in that case that the collection of garbage by a municipality is a governmental function, because the duty is imposed upon it by the State Legislature and is performed by the city in furtherance of general law for the interest of the public at large. There is no showing in this record that Stafford was cutting the weeds on Ralston Street at the request of the City Health Officer or as a health or sanitary measure. On the contrary, H.B. Hamilton, Division Foreman of the Street and Bridge Department, and Stafford's immediate supervisor, testified that the work that was being done on the occasion of the accident was a part of the regular street maintenance. We know of no statute that imposes upon municipalities the duty to cut weeds growing on its streets, or to clean and maintain its streets; nor do we understand that petitioner contends that such an Act has been passed by the Legislature of this State.
3 No issue was submitted to the jury to determine the purpose of the City in cutting the weeds, but the trial court found that the cutting of the weeds on the occasion of the accident was not done in the discharge of any governmental function. The Court of Civil Appeals held that in the performance of his duties on the occasion Stafford was working for the, Street and Bridge Department of the City, and that the cutting of weeds was an incident to the cleaning and maintenance of the streets. We agree with that holding.
The City contends that it was error to permit the mother of Nera Quinones to testify as to what the child said after the injury. Respondent contends that such testimony was admissible, as being a part of the res gestae. The child was just past three years of age when she was injured, and was under five years of age when this case was tried. She was placed on the witness stand, but questioning revealed that she was incompetent to qualify as a witness because she did not have sufficient understanding to know the nature of an oath. Mrs. Quinones was then put on the witness stand. She testified that she reached the scene of the accident just after the ambulance arrived, which was about thirty minutes after the accident; that she and her husband got into the ambulance and went with the child to the hospital. Nera was immediately taken to the operating room and her legs were amputated, which the mother said required about thirty minutes. Nera was conscious from the time of the injury until taken into the operating room. The doctor testified that she was too weak to take ether, and she was given an opiate or sedative to relieve the suffering while her legs were amputated. After the operation she was placed in a ward, and the mother remained at her bedside. For two and one-half to three hours after the operation the child was under the influence of the sedative, and seemed to be asleep, and did not speak at all. At the end of that time she roused and spoke to her mother for the first time. This was four hours or more after the accident. The mother asked her how the accident happened, and the child replied that she was going to Nana's (a neighbor), and was going on the street, when she saw the horses and moved off into the weeds. The mother testified that the child said nothing more about the accident, except that sometime during the night she would scream and talk about the horses coming at her.
4 No rigid rule respecting the admissibility of evidence as a part of the res gestae has been announced. The general rule relating to this question is that res gestae evidence is not the witness speaking but the transaction voicing itself. 17 Tex. Jur., pp. 614-630, sec. 257-264; 20 Am. Jur., p. 553; 32 C.J.S., p. 45, sec. 417. In determining whether evidence is admissible, each case must be tested by its own facts; and if upon a fair analysis a statement after the event does not appear to be a continuation of such event, it cannot be res gestae, even though made near the time of the occurrence. Statements must be either a part of the transaction or made under such circumstances as to raise a reasonable presumption that they are spontaneous utterances of facts arising out of the transaction itself, and so soon thereafter as to exclude the presumption that they are the result of premeditation or design. If they are not in their nature a part of the occurrence, they do not constitute a part of the res gestae, and are inadmissible. San Antonio Public Service Co. v. Alexander (Tex. Com. App.), 280 S.W. 753; International G.N. Ry. Co. v. Anderson, 82 Tex. 516, 17 S.W. 1029, 27 Am. St. Rep. 902; Texas Interurban Ry. Co. v. Hughes et al (Tex. Com. App.), 53 S.W.2d 448; 32 C.J.S., p. 45, sec. 417.
The precise question here under consideration, so far as we can learn, has never been decided by this Court. The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the statements of a child three and a half years of age, the victim of rape, made only a few moments afterwards, and in fact proximate to the event and apparently spontaneous, were admissible as part of the res gestae, even though she did not realize the nature of an oath. Kenney v. State, 79 S.W. 817, 65 L.R.A. 316; Watkins v. State, 180 S.W. 116.
We think the sound rule to be that exclamations or statements of an infant, too young to realize the obligation of an oath, made spontaneously and contemporaneously with the main transaction, are admissible as part of the res gestae, if the child possesses sufficient intelligence to render his or her statements reliable. 32 C.J.S., p. 25, sec. 410; 20 Amer. Jur., p. 574; sec. 678; annotations in 65 L.R.A., pp. 317, 318. In this instance the statements were not made at the time of the injury, nor immediately thereafter, but were made after the child underwent an operation, hours after the injury. Furthermore, her statements were made in response to questions asked her by her mother. Such testimony was inadmissible.
5 The City also contends that it was error for the trial court and Court of Civil Appeals to hold that a new trial should not be granted on account of misconduct of the jury. It is shown that during the course of the jury's deliberations upon the issue whether Stafford had kept a proper lookout, one of the jurors stated that he had run a mowing machine, and he knew that from the driver's position on the seat of the mower he could have seen over the weeds and could have seen the child, and that such statement influenced the jury's verdict.
Whether Stafford could have seen the child in the street prior to the accident was a vital issue in the case. It is respondent's theory that the child was walking on the shelled portion of the street and plainly visible to Stafford, and that he would have seen her in time to have avoided the accident if he had kept a proper lookout. It is petitioner's theory that the child was walking on a path in the weeds, and was entirely obscured from Stafford's view, and that he never had an opportunity to see her, nor had he seen her prior to the accident, although he had kept a proper lookout for persons walking in the street in front of the mowing machine. The rule has long prevailed in this State that jurors may not receive new testimony during their deliberations. Lincoln v. Stone (Tex. Com. App.), 59 S.W. 100; Casstevens v. Texas Pac. Ry. Co., 119 Tex. 456, 32 S.W.2d 637, 73 A.L.R. 89; Houston T.C. Ry. Co. v. Gray, 105 Tex. 42, 143 S.W. 606; Moore v. Ivey (Tex. Com. App.), 277 S.W. 106; St. Louis S.W. Ry. Co. v. Robinson (Tex. Com. App.), 285 S.W. 269, 46 A.L.R. 1507; St. Louis, S.W. Ry. Co. v. Lewis (Tex. Com. App.), 5 S.W.2d 765; St. Louis S.F. Ry. Co. v. Rutland (Texas Com. App.), 292 S.W. 182.
6 The statement of the juror as to his experience in operating a mowing machine was clearly jury misconduct. The question is whether under under Rule 327, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, it reasonably appears from the entire record that the misconduct probably resulted in injury to petitioner. This Rule placed upon petitioner the burden of not only showing that misconduct occurred, but also of showing that the misconduct probably resulted in injury to the City. The fact that the jurors testified that their verdict was not affected by the misconduct is without force or effect, and may not be considered by the Court in passing upon the question of probable injury. Sproles Motor Freight Lines v. Long, 140 Tex. 494, 168 S.W.2d 642; Texas Milk Products Co. v. Birtcher, 138 Tex. 178, 157 S.W.2d 633; Republic Insurance Co. v. Hale, 128 Tex. 616, 99 S.W.2d 909; Barrington v. Duncan, 140 Tex. 510, 169 S.W.2d 462.
7 Misconduct of the jury having been established, the question of probable injury becomes one of law for the courts. In considering this matter the courts will examine the entire record in the case. The record in this case shows that the jury deliberated five or six hours before any of the special issues submitted to it were answered. Issue No. 1 was answered first. It inquired whether Stafford had failed to keep a proper lookout for persons who might be walking on Ralston Street in front of the mowing machine. All of the difficulties the jury had in reaching a verdict on the issues of negligence were in regard to Issue No. 1. Mr. Stafford had testified that he had kept a proper lookout for persons who might be walking on Ralston Street, but had seen no one. Several of the jurors testified that while deliberating on this issue the misconduct occurred. On the first ballot nine jurors answered Issue No. 1 "Yes," while three answered it "No." It was not until the fifth or sixth ballot that all answered "Yes," and thus finding that Stafford had failed to keep a proper lookout. From an examination of all the relevant facts, we conclude that the misconduct of the juror was calculated to work an injury to petitioner, and that it probably did so; for which reason the cause must be remanded for a new trial.
The judgments of the trial court and Court of Civil Appeals are both reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for a new trial.
Opinion delivered February 2, 1944.
Rehearing overruled February 23, 1944.