Summary
holding that "general no-evidence-of-negligence" ground asserted in motion for new trial sufficed to preserve question of no duty for appellate review
Summary of this case from Ranger Conveying v. DavisOpinion
No. 01-03-00766-CV.
August 25, 2005.
Appeal from the 270th District Court, Harris County, Brent Gamble, J.
Jennifer Bruch Hogan, Pillsbury, Winthrop, Saw, Pittman, L.L.P., B. Lee Ware, Ware, Snow, Fogel, Jackson Greene, Timothy F. Lee, Ware, Snow, Fogel Jackson, L.L.P., Don R. Riddle, Riddle Baumgartner, Houston, Mike Johanson, Johanson Fairless, L.L.P., Sugar Land, for Appellant.
Richard P. Hogan Jr., Pillsbury, Winthrop, Shaw, Pittman, L.L.P., Micky N. Das, Tyler, Das Debes, P.C., Houston, for Appellee.
Panel consists of Justices TAFT, JENNINGS, and BLAND.
OPINION
Appellant, Chavez Construction, Inc. ("Chavez"), appeals from a judgment rendered on a verdict awarding appellee, Joe D. McNeely, damages in his negligence action. We address (1) whether Chavez owed a duty to McNeely; (2) whether Chavez breached a duty owed to McNeely; (3) whether Chavez's actions constituted a proximate cause of McNeely's injuries; and (4) whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow Chavez to cross-examine McNeely by (I) questioning him concerning 49 changes that he made to his oral deposition by way of an errata sheet and (ii) admitting into evidence McNeely's corresponding original deposition answers, to show how they differed from the changes in the errata sheet. We affirm.
Facts
In April 2000, Chavez was employed on the Victoria Lace Ranch to power-wash fences. McNeely owned the ranch. To obtain the necessary water for its power-washing machines, Chavez tapped into the waterlines that fed McNeely's livestock-watering troughs. The troughs were equipped with an automated fill system that maintained the water level in the troughs, making very little noise, so that horses could drink without being frightened. To tap into McNeely's trough water supply, Chavez would remove the trough's hose from the nearby spigot and attach its own hose, which would run to a power washer. At the end of each work day, Chavez was supposed to pick up its hoses and to reassemble the trough's hoses the way in which they had been found.
On a few occasions, in violation of its own safety policy, Chavez failed to reassemble the trough's watering system and left its own equipment out in the field at the end of the work day. On one occasion, Chavez failed to reassemble the watering system and placed its own hose, while still attached to the spigot, inside the trough. On April 29, 2000, while riding one of his horses on the ranch, McNeely noticed that the water level in one trough was low. McNeely assumed that the spigot was merely turned off. McNeely rode over to the trough, leaned off one side of his horse to turn on the water spigot, and righted himself in the saddle. As the water came on, the loose end of the Chavez hose came out of the trough and either hit or sprayed McNeely's horse in the face. The horse spooked and bucked McNeely off. McNeely sustained serious injuries, leaving him a quadriplegic. McNeely brought a negligence action against Chavez, and a judgment was rendered in his favor, acknowledging that he was 50 percent contributorily negligent.
Duty
A. Inherent Risk
In its first issue, Chavez contends that the trial court should have incorporated an "inherent risk" standard in the charge, instructing that it had no duty to protect McNeely from the inherent risks of horseback riding and, at most, had only a duty not to act recklessly or intentionally.
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must present a timely request, objection, or motion stating specific grounds for the ruling desired. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Further, the trial court must have ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining party must have objected to the trial court's refusal to rule. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a)(2). Chavez never presented the theory of inherent risk to the trial court. It, therefore, failed to preserve this theory for appeal.
We overrule Chavez's first issue.
B. Foreseeability
In its second issue, Chavez contends that it owed no legal duty to McNeely because no evidence supported the conclusion that his injuries were foreseeable.
McNeely contends that Chavez has failed to preserve its no-duty challenge. No-evidence complaints can be preserved in a motion for directed verdict, motion to disregard, a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, a motion for new trial, or objections to the charge. T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 220-21 (Tex. 1992). Chavez properly preserved this challenge for appeal by timely moving for new trial on general no-evidence-of-negligence grounds. See Edward D. Jones Co. v. Fletcher, 975 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. 1998). We thus examine the merits of this complaint.
An appellate court reviews a legal-sufficiency challenge to determine if any evidence of probative value exists to support the jury's findings. Glover v. Texas Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951). That review requires this Court to consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the finding of duty and to disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. See Sherman v. First Nat'l Bank, 760 S.W.2d 240, 242 (Tex. 1988). Only when the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create mere suspicion of its existence is the evidence nothing more than "a scintilla" and, in legal effect, no evidence. Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983).
The existence of duty generally is a question of law for the court to decide from the facts surrounding the occurrence in question. See Greater Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex. 1990). In determining duty, a court should consider "several interrelated factors, including the risk, foreseeability, and likelihood of injury weighed against the social utility of the actor's conduct, the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury, and the consequences of placing the burden on the defendant." Id. Of these factors, foreseeability is the dominant consideration. Id. Since the court in Palsgraf held that "[t]he risk reasonably to be perceived defines the duty to be obeyed," when determining whether a duty exists, courts have widely embraced the consideration of foreseeability. Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R., 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99, 100 (1928).
A person has a duty to prevent injury to others when he negligently creates a dangerous situation and it reasonably appears or should appear that another may be harmed because of his actions. See SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Doe, 903 S.W.2d 347, 353 (Tex. 1995) (reviewing the general principles stated in Buchanan v. Rose, 138 Tex. 390, 159 S.W.2d 109, 110 (1942)). The requirements of foreseeability are (1) "`that the injury be of such a general character as might reasonably have been anticipated'"; and (2) "`that the injured party should be so situated with relation to the wrongful act that the injury to him or to one similarly situated might reasonably have been foreseen.'" Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 551 (Tex. 1985) (quoting Carey v. Pure Distrib. Corp., 133 Tex. 31, 124 S.W.2d 847, 849 (1939)). The plaintiff must show that the defendant "should have anticipated the dangers that his negligent act created for others." Travis v. City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 98 (Tex. 1992); Ambrosio v. Carter's Shooting Ctr., Inc., 20 S.W.3d 262, 265 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). In order to establish foreseeability, only the general danger must be foreseeable. Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. 1996).
The evidence at trial, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, shows that the general danger that caused McNeely's injuries was foreseeable. Chavez's superintendent, Johnny Hughes, testified that McNeely's ranch was populated with "mostly horses" at the time that Chavez was employed there and that the horses drank from the troughs. Hughes further testified that he had leaned over on a horse to turn on a spigot "lots of times" and that he knew that anything could spook a horse. Chavez's employees also knew that McNeely rode his horses around the ranch, checking to see that the ranch was in good condition. An expert witness, Mike Abke, testified that leaning over a horse to turn on a spigot is not an uncommon practice for a rancher. Moreover, Chavez had been warned on occasions before the accident to put away its equipment when it was not in use. Hughes also admitted a general awareness that equipment left out could be dangerous.
Knowing that (1) someone would have to turn the water supply to the trough back on; (2) McNeely rode his horses around the ranch; and (3) it was not an uncommon task for a rancher to lean over off of his horse to turn on a spigot, Chavez should have anticipated that McNeely might attempt to turn on the water to his trough while on or around a horse. A reasonable inference from the testimony that anything could spook a horse is that a horse could be frightened from an unsecured hose whipping around when the water spigot was turned back on. Chavez should have known that a horse could be spooked if someone turned back on the water supply. Therefore, it is foreseeable that some injury could result from Chavez's leaving its hose in the trough.
The evidence is not so weak as to do no more than create a mere suspicion of the existence of foreseeability. Because more than a scintilla of evidence exists to support the finding of foreseeability, this evidence is not, in legal effect, no evidence. See Kindred, 650 S.W.2d at 63. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in overruling Chavez's motion for new trial on the basis of a lack of duty.
We overrule Chavez's second issue.
Breach
In its third issue, Chavez contends that no evidence exists to show that it breached a duty owed to McNeely. Chavez also properly preserved this challenge by timely moving for a new trial on a general no-evidence-of-negligence ground. See Edward D. Jones Co., 975 S.W.2d at 543.
Chavez does not contest the fact that it left its hose in the trough and attached to the spigot. Rather, Chavez repackages its foreseeability argument and contends that its acts or omissions did not create an unreasonable risk of injury to a person because a reasonable and prudent construction company could not have foreseen McNeely's injuries. This argument goes to foreseeability, i.e., to duty or causation, not to breach. Moreover, the same facts and inferences that defeated Chavez's argument with respect to duty defeat that challenge here, as well.
We overrule Chavez's third issue.
Proximate Cause
In its fourth issue, Chavez argues that there was no evidence supporting the conclusion that its actions were the proximate cause of McNeely's injuries.
"The question of proximate cause is one of fact particularly within the province of a jury, and a jury finding on proximate cause will be set aside only in the most exceptional circumstances." Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Olson, 980 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1998, no pet.). Proximate cause consists of both cause-in-fact and foreseeability. Union Pump Co. v. Allbritton, 898 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex. 1995). To establish cause-in-fact, or "but for" causation, a party must show that the defendant's negligence was a substantial factor in bringing about his injury and was a factor without which no harm would have been incurred. Id.; see Ambrosio, 20 S.W.3d at 265. While examining the record to determine if there is sufficient evidence of causation, we must view the evidence in a light that tends to support the finding of causation and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex. 2001).
A. Cause-in-Fact
When addressing the issue of cause-in-fact, the court in Union Pump examined the circumstances surrounding the plaintiff's injuries. See Union Pump, 898 S.W.2d at 776. The court determined that the plaintiff's injuries were too remotely connected with Union Pump's actions or the pump itself to constitute the legal cause of the injuries. Id. In Union Pump, an employee of the company, after attempting to aid in extinguishing a fire, slipped off of a pipe rack while following another employee on an unsafe route out of the scene of the extinguished fire. Id. at 774. The court held that, even if the pump fire was the "but for" cause of the plaintiff's injuries, the fire had been extinguished and "the forces generated by the fire had come to rest when she fell off the pipe rack." Id. at 776.
Chavez asserts that it only furnished the condition that made McNeely's injuries possible and that its act was not the cause-in-fact of those injuries. See Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). Appellant relies on Boys Clubs, in which the court stated:
The evidence must go further, and show that such negligence was the proximate, and not the remote, cause of resulting injuries. . . . [and] justify the conclusion that such injury was the natural and probable result thereof. In other words, even if the injury would not have happened but for the defendant's conduct, the connection between the defendant and the plaintiff's injuries simply may be too attenuated to constitute legal cause.
Id. (citations omitted).
The present case is distinguishable because it does not present an exceptionally attenuated causation chain. See, e.g., Boyd v. Fuel Distribs., Inc., 795 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, writ denied) (holding that a convenience store's sale of beer to an 18-year-old was not the cause in fact of a drunk driver's fatal car accident because the sale was to the passenger and not to the driver); Tex. Am. Bank v. Boggess, 673 S.W.2d 398, 402 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1984, writ dism'd by agr.) (ruling that a bank's employment of a repossessor was not the cause-in-fact of the car owner's injuries because the owner was injured by a person whom the repossessor had hired without the bank's knowledge).
Here, pursuant to Boys Clubs, the evidence does "go further." Chavez disassembled the trough's watering system, left its hose in the trough, and turned off the spigot such that somebody would have to turn it back on. Because the purpose of the trough was to provide water for the horses, it was a natural course of events for McNeely to turn on the spigot when he noticed that the trough was low on water. It was equally natural for McNeely to ride over on his horse to turn on the spigot while assuming that the automated fill system was intact because Chavez had been instructed to reassemble the trough's water supply each time its employees left the ranch. Chavez was aware that McNeely rode his horses and was also aware that it was a common task for a rancher to lean over on a horse to turn on a water spigot. Chavez's superintendent, Hughes, testified that he had turned on a water spigot while on a horse "lots of times."
It was also a natural consequence that the hose inside the trough would whip around when the water was turned on and that this could spook a horse present at the trough. Because the evidence does "go further" and establishes that the negligence was not merely the remote cause of the injury, Chavez did not merely "furnish a condition which made the injury possible." See Boys Clubs, 907 S.W.2d at 477.
Historically, courts have determined that, although a party may not have directly spooked a horse, the causation chain was not too attenuated to hold a party liable when it indirectly frightened a horse. See Scott v. Shine, 194 S.W. 964, 966, 969 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1917, writ ref'd) (holding that unattended cotton gin exhaust pipe's emission of loud noise and steam, which spooked horse, sufficed to sustain negligence claim); see also City of Fort Worth v. Patterson, 196 S.W. 251, 252-53 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1917, no writ) (holding that defendant must be held liable for consequences of negligent act that, in probable and natural course of events, causes injury; there, city negligently permitted deep hole, of which it had notice, to remain on street, and vehicle drawn by horses fell in, causing horses to spook and, subsequently, to cause injury to person on street).
Chavez further contends that, even if it had properly reattached the trough's hose, McNeely's horse still could have spooked. However, in an expert demonstration, Michael Abke, a cowboy about McNeely's build, repeatedly leaned off the side of McNeely's horse and turned on the water spigot without spooking the horse. This evidence supports the conclusion that McNeely's horse spooked because the hose either sprayed or hit its face, not because McNeely leaned over the horse's side to turn on the spigot.
Together, this is some evidence showing that Chavez's negligence was the cause-in-fact of McNeely's injuries.
B. Foreseeability
The test for foreseeability is whether a person of ordinary intelligence would have anticipated the danger that his or her negligence created. Travis, 830 S.W.2d at 98; see Ambrosio, 20 S.W.3d at 265. Foreseeability, however, "does not require a person to anticipate the precise manner in which injury will occur once he has created a dangerous situation through his negligence." Travis, 830 S.W.2d at 98; see Ambrosio, 20 S.W.3d at 265. Only the general danger must be foreseeable, "not the exact sequence of events that produced the harm." Travis, 830 S.W.2d at 98; see Ambrosio, 20 S.W.3d at 265. "The danger of injury is foreseeable if its `general character might reasonably have been anticipated.'" Castillo v. Gared, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 781, 786 (Tex.App-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (quoting Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 551). In Castillo, a motel guest sued a security company after being raped by a security guard of the motel from whom she sought help. Id. at 783-84. The Castillo Court concluded that the plaintiff's reliance on the testimony of the security company's president did not provide the necessary evidence "that the general character of the act in question might reasonably have been anticipated." Id. at 787. This case is distinguishable from Castillo because the general danger that some injury would result from Chavez's act of leaving the hose unattached in the trough is foreseeable.
Chavez contends that its negligence was not the proximate cause of McNeely's injuries because his injuries were not foreseeable. In its appellate brief, Chavez argues that no person could have anticipated that leaving a water hose in a trough could create any danger of personal injury to a human being.
For the same reasons that we have held, based on foreseeability, that the evidence showed that Chavez owed a duty to McNeely, we also hold that some evidence showed that McNeely's injuries were, in fact, foreseeable.
We overrule appellant's fourth issue.
Exclusion of Evidence
In its fifth issue, Chavez contends that the trial court erred by refusing to allow Chavez to cross-examine McNeely (1) by questioning him concerning 49 changes that he made to his oral deposition by way of an errata sheet and (2) by admitting into evidence McNeely's corresponding original deposition answers, to show how they differed from the changes in the errata sheet. The trial court refused to admit the original deposition answers that McNeely had changed and ruled that Chavez could cross-examine McNeely only with his final deposition answers, as corrected by the errata sheet, rather than with his original answers that he later changed.
To challenge exclusion of evidence by the trial court on appeal, the complaining party must present the excluded evidence to the trial court by offer of proof. Wade v. Comm'n for Lawyer Discipline, 961 S.W.2d 366, 374 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.); Fletcher v. Minnesota Mining Mfg. Co., 57 S.W.3d 602, 606 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). Otherwise, the party waives its complaint. Id. A trial court may exclude relevant evidence "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." TEX.R. EVID. 403.
This Court reviews a trial court's decision on whether to admit evidence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Corp. v. Texaco, Inc., 35 S.W.3d 658, 670 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to guiding rules or principles. Lookshin v. Feldman, 127 S.W.3d 100, 103 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). An appellate court should reverse for an abuse of discretion only if the error "probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment." TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1.
Chavez asserts that the excluded evidence and line of questioning was relevant because it went to McNeely's credibility. Chavez has only partially preserved its challenge because Chavez's counsel made an offer of proof concerning only three of the deposition changes. See Wade, 961 S.W.2d at 374.
In substance, the three changes were as follows:
First Change
Question by Counsel for Chavez: "Were you employed by Chavez Construction in April of 2000 before this accident?"
Answer by McNeely: "Yes."
Change by McNeely: "No, I was not employed by them."
Second Change
Answer by McNeely: "But this water hose come out of the water and hit that horse in the face."
Change by McNeely: "But this water hose came out of the water in the trough and I think water sprayed the horse in the face or the hose moved in such a way that it spooked the horse."
Third Change
Answer by McNeely: "Started bucking me and threw me off the horse and what I recall it kicked me in the head a couple of times and drug me because I had my foot in the stirrup, in that left stirrup, still caught in it or whatever and partially caught in it and he drug me a pretty good ways."
Change by McNeely: "And drug me because I had my foot in the stirrup, in the right stirrup."
Although Chavez's counsel began his discussion with the trial court by mentioning the "49 errata sheet changes," counsel concluded by stating, "I want to put on the record every errata sheet change that I contend I should be able to put into evidence, the original answers and changed answers so the Court can overrule me and the Court [sic] can make a record." Counsel then mentioned only the three errata sheet changes, and the original deposition answers, quoted immediately above.
We begin by noting that Chavez's counsel had already cross-examined McNeely on whether McNeely had changed his deposition testimony concerning prior employment with Chavez, referring, in doing so, to McNeely's original deposition answer and the fact that McNeely had changed it by errata sheet. Any further evidence of the changed deposition testimony concerning whether McNeely had ever been employed by Chavez was thus cumulative of what was already reflected in the record. A trial court generally does not abuse its discretion by declining to admit merely cumulative evidence. See TEX.R. EVID. 403; Ordonez v. M.W. McCurdy Co., 984 S.W.2d 264, 274 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). Moreover, even if the trial court had somehow erred in precluding further cross-examination on this one subject, that error would have been harmless because Chavez had already been able to cross-examine McNeely on it. See TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1.
As for the remaining two areas of cross-examination to which Chavez preserved its challenge, we hold that any possible error was harmless. Error is reversible only if it "probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment." TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1. Chavez contends that the alleged error was harmful because Chavez could have used the conflicting answers to attack McNeely's credibility. However, Chavez's counsel did impeach McNeely in these two areas: Chavez used McNeely's revised deposition answers to cross-examine him when McNeely testified at trial somewhat hesitantly or inconsistently with those revised answers. For example, concerning which foot McNeely had in the stirrup when the accident happened, the following cross-examination occurred:
Chavez's counsel: Now, when you testified on your sworn [revised] answers . . ., you said that the horse drug you because you had your right foot in the stirrup, and I'm trying to understand if you went over like just told the jury, how did you get drug with your right foot in the stirrup? . . .
McNeely: I don't know, might have been my left foot in the stirrup or my right foot might not have even been in the stirrup. I might have been imagining that when I — sir, I was unconscious and I was — I just had the worst lick of my life. I can't remember exactly. I thought that I was being drugged and kicked a lot but maybe I wasn't, maybe he just stepped on me. Heck, I don't know.
And concerning whether just the hose had hit the horse, or whether the hose or water could have hit the horse, the following cross-examination occurred after the complained-of ruling:
McNeely: He [the horse] — he — the water hose came up out of the water and hit him upside of the head or the water hit him. I don't know if the hose hit him or the water hit him and he went bananas.
Chavez's counsel: Well, when you gave your deposition you were pretty sure that the hose hit him in the face, right?
McNeely: No, I don't know what my deposition said. I know the water hose or the water itself hit him in the head.
Chavez's counsel: So you didn't see the hose going over but you saw it hit the horse in the head, right?
McNeely: I sure did.
. . .
Chavez's counsel: So, are you saying to the ladies and gentlemen of the jury that the hose hit the horse in the face after you had already gotten up on top of the horse?
McNeely: That's what I'm saying.
(Emphasis added.)
Finally, the following cross-examination had already occurred, without objection, before the complained-of ruling:
Chavez's counsel: Then when you made your deposition changes, you remember after your sworn deposition was typed up you made a number of changes to the deposition, right?
McNeely: I did.
Chavez's counsel: As a matter of fact I think you made 49 changes, does that sound right?
McNeely: I don't know.
Therefore, the jury had already heard, although in general terms, that McNeely had made "a number of changes" to his original deposition answers.
We overrule Chavez's fifth issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.