Summary
In Chapman v. State, 69 Wis.2d 581, 230 N.W.2d 824 (1975), we upheld a trial court's refusal to instruct the jury that identification evidence was essentially opinion evidence to be scrutinized with extreme care and to be treated with utmost caution.
Summary of this case from Hampton v. StateOpinion
No. State 210.
Argued June 5, 1975. —
Decided June 30, 1975.
For the plaintiff in error there were briefs by Howard B. Eisenberg, state public defender, and Ruth S. Downs, assistant state public defender, and oral argument by Ms. Downs.
For the defendant in error the cause was argued by David J. Becker, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief was Bronson C. La Follette, attorney general.
Facts.
Following a jury trial, Paul Chapman, plaintiff in error (hereinafter referred to as defendant), was convicted of armed robbery and attempted murder, contrary to secs. 943.32(1) (b) and (2); 939.05; 940.01; and 939.32, Stats. The events leading up to the arrest, charge and conviction were presented at the trial as follows: On December 19, 1972, at about 1 a.m., two men entered Ronnie's Tap in Milwaukee. One of the two men, wielding a gun and demanding money, jumped over the bar. After emptying the cash register, the gunman struck several of the customers and relieved them of their wallets. When the robbers announced they were going to take a female patron with them, one of the customers, Gary Klack, in an attempt to prevent their so doing, began struggling with the robbers. Klack was. shot twice and the robbers fled the scene. The police were summoned and arrived shortly thereafter. Two suspects, fitting the description of the gunmen, were spotted and apprehended a short time later in the area by police officers. The defendant was one of the suspects taken into custody. The jury found the defendant guilty of participating in the armed robbery and attempted murder. Defendant's motion for a new trial was denied, judgment of conviction was entered and defendant was sentenced on January 25, 1974. Defendant challenges by writ of error the judgment of conviction and the order denying a new trial.
The case of the state against this defendant included: (1) Identification of the defendant by the victim of the shooting; (2) identification of the defendant by the owner of the tavern; and (3) testimony of a resident of the halfway house where defendant lived as to overhearing a conversation in which defendant admitted participating in the holdup and complained that the man with the gun got all of the money. Defendant's challenge goes to: (1) Credibility of evidence; (2) sufficiency of evidence; and (3) adequacy of instructions.
Credibility of evidence. Defendant contends that the testimony of the fellow resident of the halfway house as to an overheard conversation is "inherently incredible." This court will not upset a jury's determination of credibility ". . . unless the fact relied upon is inherently or patently incredible." To be incredible as a matter of law, evidence must be "`. . . in conflict with the uniform course of nature or with fully established or conceded facts.'" That is not the case here. Surrounding circumstances and inconsistencies in the statements made by the fellow resident who testified as to the conversation he overheard, create a question of credibility but do not resolve it. There is nothing inherently incredible about a participant in a crime telling others what he did. This is particularly so where his expressed complaint is that he received none of the proceeds of the joint criminal venture. The determination of this witness' credibility and the weight to be given his testimony was ". . . properly a function of the trier of facts." Sufficiency of evidence. Defendant claims that the evidence submitted to the jury is not sufficient to sustain conviction. The evidence supporting the conviction included the positive and unequivocal in-court identification of the defendant by the victim of the shooting. That identification was based on the victim's observation of the holdup men for ten minutes at the time of the robbery. Previously the victim identified the defendant from a group of photographs shown to him on the day after the crimes. Where a rape victim positively identified her assailant, this court held: "This uncorroborated testimony alone would have been sufficient." In the case before us, additional evidence supporting the jury verdict included: (1) The testimony of the fellow resident of the halfway house as to the overheard conversation with the defendant admitting participation in the holdup; (2) the testimony of police that when the officers approached the defendant and another man soon after the holdup, both ran with one escaping and with the defendant, upon stumbling and falling, being apprehended; and (3) the in-court identification of the defendant by the tavern owner, weakened but not rendered incredible by the tavern keeper's earlier failure to identify the defendant at a police lineup. The credibility of these witnesses, and the weight to be given their testimony, including identification testimony, was ". . . a matter for the jury under proper instructions." There was here credible evidence upon which the jury could be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of defendant's guilt, and that is the test on review. Adequacy of instruction. Defendant's counsel on appeal contends that the trial court's instructions to the jury as to credibility were inadequate as to the weight to be given eyewitness identification testimony. Defense counsel at trial requested additional instructions — essentially informing the jury that identification testimony is opinion evidence, ". . . to be scrutinized with extreme care" and ". . . to be treated with the utmost caution." Instead, the trial court gave the jury instruction on identification as well as the standard instructions on credibility of witnesses and presumption of innocence, listing factors to be considered in determining the weight and credit given the testimony of each witness, and directing the jury to ". . . scrutinize the evidence with the utmost care and caution." Where the exact language used here by the trial court was included in jury instructions given as to identification testimony, this court held: "These instructions allowed the jury to properly evaluate the credibility of the identification testimony . . . ." Where instructions characterizing all identification testimony as opinion evidence and suspect testimony were requested by a defendant and rejected by the court, our court on review held: "Without going into detail, the instructions requested were unduly favorable to the defendant and the court was correct in not giving them as tendered." In the case before us, we hold the requested instructions to be redundant, finding the standard instructions, as given, to sufficiently and adequately have informed the jury of the possibility of human error and the need to scrutinize carefully all testimony given, identification testimony included.
Simos v. State (1972), 53 Wis.2d 493, 495, 192 N.W.2d 877, citing Lemerond v. State (1969), 44 Wis.2d 158, 162, 170 N.W.2d 700.
Id. at pages 495, 496, quoting Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Wisconsin Southern Gas Co. (1970), 45 Wis.2d 471, 484, 485, 173 N.W.2d 610.
The police found no wallets, money or weapons on the defendant when he was placed under arrest.
Rohl v. State (1974), 65 Wis.2d 683, 695, 223 N.W.2d 567.
Hemauer v. State (1974), 64 Wis.2d 62, 77, 218 N.W.2d 342, citing Lemerond v. State, supra, footnote 1, at page 162.
Five persons, four customers and the tavern owner, failed to identify the defendant as one of the holdup men at a police lineup conducted on the morning after the robbery.
Johns v. State (1961), 14 Wis.2d 119, 129, 109 N.W.2d 490.
Id. at page 130, citing State v. Johnson (1960), 11 Wis.2d 130, 104 N.W.2d 379; State v. John (1960), 11 Wis.2d 1, 103 N.W.2d 304.
Wis J I — Criminal, Part I, 141.
Wis J I — Criminal, Part I, 300.
Wis J I — Criminal, Part I, 140.
State v. McGee (1971), 52 Wis.2d 736, 746, 190 N.W.2d 893.
See: State v. Johnson (1952), 261 Wis. 77, 82, 51 N.W.2d 491, this court stating: "Veloyce saw the man twice . . . . Attempts on cross-examination to shake her certainty as to identification failed. Nothing in her testimony indicates that her identification of James Johnson as the assailant was only an opinion based on descriptive facts regarding the appearance of the man who assaulted her."
Johns v. State, supra, footnote 7, at page 128. See also: United States v. Barber (3d Cir. 1971), 442 F.2d 517, 528, stating that identification testimony may be treated by the jury as a statement of fact by the witness "(1) if the witness had the opportunity to observe the accused; (2) if the witness is positive in his identification; (3) if the witness' identification testimony is not weakened by prior failure to identify or by prior inconsistent identification; and (4) if, after cross-examination, his testimony remains positive and unqualified."
See: Cullen v. United States (8th Cir. 1969), 408 F.2d 1178, 1181, where defendant sought instruction as to identification testimony being ". . . more uncertain and less to be relied upon, . . ." the court holding the instruction properly refused, it being ". . . redundant in substance when considered in the context of the other instructions, fails to correctly state the law and is argumentative."
By pro se motion, filed a few days before oral argument in this case, defendant asserted that he was not seeking the relief of a new trial being ordered, challenging the right of his counsel on review to raise issues seeking such result. On oral argument, the assistant state public defender assigned to this case stated that defendant had consented to the issue as to instructions given being raised on this review. The proper and indicated verification of such change of mind would have been for the defendant to withdraw his pro se motion. However, with no merit found in the issue raised and no new trial here indicated, we find no reason for further inquiry. The pro se motion of the defendant is denied, and the judgment of conviction and order denying new trial is affirmed.
By the Court. — Judgment and order affirmed.