Summary
holding municipal building's Ten Commandments monument unconstitutional
Summary of this case from Baker v. Adams County/Ohio Valley School BoardOpinion
MAY 29, 2001
No. 00-9607. BROWN v. UNITED STATES. C.A. 4th Certiorari denied. Reported below: 238 F.3d 415.
No. 00-9608. MONZIONE v. UNITED STATES. C.A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.
No. 00-9611. BOLTON v. UNITED STATES. C.A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.
No. 00-9616.THOMPSON, AKA LNU v. UNITED STATES. C.A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 248 F.3d 1177.
No. 00-9618. DAY v. UNITED STATES. C.A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 248 F.3d 1139.
No. 00-9655. BUHRMAN v. CARTER, WARDEN. C.A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.
No. 00-9685. MATEJKA v. WISCONSIN. Sup.Ct. Wis. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 241 Wis.2d 52, 621 N.w.2d 891.
No. 00-9687. MILLS v. CORCORAN, WARDEN, ET AL. C.A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 238 F.3d 413.
No. 00-1255. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES v. VOLLOR. Sup.Ct. Miss. Motion of Alliance for Democracy et al. for leave to file a brief as amici curiae granted. Certiorari denied.
No. 00-1407. CITY OF ELKHART v. BOOKS ET AL. C.A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 235 F.3d 292.
Statement of JUSTICE STEVENS respecting the denial of the petition for writ of certiorari.
As I pointed out some years ago, one reason that dissents from the denial of certiorari should be disfavored is that they are seldom answered, and therefore may include a less than complete statement of the facts bearing on the question whether the case merits review. The dissent in this case illustrates my point because it omits one extremely significant fact and discounts another.
"One characteristic of all opinions dissenting from the denial of certiorari is manifest. They are totally unnecessary. They are examples of the purest form of dicta, since they have even less legal significance than the orders of the entire Court which, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter reiterated again and again, have no precedential significance at all.
"Another attribute of these opinions is that they are potentially misleading. Since the Court provides no explanation of the reasons for denying certiorari, the dissenter's arguments in favor of a grant are not answered and therefore typically appear to be more persuasive than most other opinions. Moreover, since they often omit any reference to valid reasons for denying certiorari, they tend to imply that the Court has been unfaithful to its responsibilities or has implicitly reached a decision on the merits when, in fact, there is no basis for such an inference." Singleton v. Commissioner, 439 U.S. 940, 944-945 (1978) (STEVENS, J., opinion respecting denial of certiorari).
Even through the first two lines of the monument's text appear in significantly larger font than the remainder, they are ignored by the dissenters. Those lines read: "THE TEN COMMANDMENTS — I AM the LORD thy God." The graphic emphasis placed in those first lines is rather hard to square with the proposition that the monument expresses no particular religious preference — particularly when considered in conjunction with those facts that the dissent does acknowledge — namely, that the monument also depicts two Stars of David and a symbol composed of the Greek letters Chi and Rho superimposed on each other that represent Christ.
Moreover, the dissent also gives short shrift to relevant details about the monument's origins. At the dedication ceremony, three of the principal speakers were a Catholic priest, a Protestant minister, and a Jewish rabbi. 235 F.3d 292, 303 (CA7 2000). All three spoke not the "`"cross cultural . . . significance"'" of the Ten Commandments, post, at 1060 (opinion of REHNQUIST, C. J.), but of the need for every citizen to adopt their precepts so as to obtain "`redemption from today's strife and fear,'" 235 F.3d, at 295. To dismiss that history in favor of a resolution issued by the Elkhart Common Council on the eve of litigation is puzzling indeed.
In planning the monument, representatives of Judaism, Protestantism, and Catholicism developed a nonsectarian version of the Ten Commandments. Making a religious text nonsectarian, however, does not make it secular or strip it of its religious significance.
The reasons why this case is not one that merits certiorari are explained in detail in Judge Ripple's thoughtful opinion for the Court of Appeals.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST, with whom JUSTICE SCALIA and JUSTICE THOMAS join, dissenting.
Since 1958, a 6-foot granite monument inscribed with the Ten Commandments has stood in front of the city of Elkhart's Municipal Building, on the northeast corner of a lawn shared with two commemorative structures. The specific text was developed by representatives of the Jewish, Catholic, and Protestant faiths who sought to create a nonsectarian version of the Commandments. In addition to the text, the monument depicts an eye within a pyramid similar to the one displayed on the one-dollar bill, an American eagle grasping the American flag, two small Stars of David, and a similarly sized symbol representing Christ: two Greek letters, Chi and Rho, superimposed on each other.
A juvenile court judge, seeking to provide troubled youth with a common code of conduct, was the original impetus behind the project. The Fraternal Order of Eagles, a service organization "dedicated to promoting liberty, truth, and justice," financed the monument, and although it stands on public property, the city contributes no time, effort, or money to its maintenance. 235 F.3d 292, 294-295 (CA7 2000). In a recent resolution, responding to a request that the monument be removed and to threat of litigation, the Elkhart Common Council recognized that the Ten Commandments "`reflec[t] one of the earliest codes of human conduct.'" Id., at 297. The resolution stated that the monument's symbols represent the "`cross cultural and historical significance'" of the Commandments, which have had a "`significant impact in the development of the fundamental legal principles of Western Civilization.'" Id., at 312, n. 1 (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part). It also noted that Elkhart's Municipal Building is home to numerous other historical and cultural objects. Ibid.
Nonetheless, in 1998, 40 years after the monument's erection, respondents, residents of Elkhart County, filed suit against the city under Rev. Stat. § 1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the monument's presence violated the Establishment Clause. The District Court granted summary judgment for the city, and a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed.
That court, applying the oft-criticized framework set out in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), first considered whether the city's display of the monument had a secular purpose. The court found that it did not. 235 F.3d, at 301 (citing Lemon. supra, at 612-613). The court relied in part on Stone v. Graham, 499 U.S. 39 (1980) ( per curiam), where we struck down a state statute requiring the posting of the Ten Commandments in public schoolrooms, on the ground that the statute had no secular purpose. Stone's finding of an impermissible purpose is hardly controlling here. In Stone, the posting effectively induced schoolchildren to meditate upon the Commandments during the schoolday. Id., at 42. We have been "particularly vigilant" in monitoring compliance with the Establishment Clause in that context, where the State exerts "great authority and coercive power" over students through mandatory attendance requirements. Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 583-584 (1987); County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 620, n. 69 (1989). Those concerns are absent here, where the Ten Commandments monument stands outside the city's Municipal Building.
Stone's unique setting may explain our reluctance to accept in that case the State's view that its display of the Commandments has a secular purpose. But we have never determined, in Stone or elsewhere, that the Commandments lack a secular application. To be sure, the Ten Commandments are a "sacred text in the Jewish and Christian faiths," concerning, in part, "the religious duties of believers." 449 U.S., at 41-42. Undeniably, however, the Commandments have secular significance as well, because they have made a substantial contribution to our secular legal codes. Even Stone noted that "integrated into school curriculum" the Commandments "may constitutionally be used in an appropriate study of history, civilization, [or] ethics." Id., at 42. And as the Court of Appeals recognized, "[t]he text of the Ten Commandments no doubt has played a role in the secular development of our society and can no doubt be presented by the government as playing such a role in our civic order." 235 F.3d, at 302.
The council's resolution stated the city's intent to display the Commandments in precisely that way — to reflect their cultural, historical, and legal significance. We are "normally deferential" to "articulation[s] of a secular purpose," so long as they are "sincere and not a sham." Aguillard, supra, at 586-587. There is no evidence of insincerity here, and thus no justification for the Court of Appeals' refusal to credit the city's stated purpose. That the city only recently articulated its aims for displaying the monument is of no moment, for it is only recently in its 40-year history that the monument has come under attack. That the monument bears religious symbols as well as secular ones, and that speeches by religious leaders accompanied its dedication, do not alter the analysis. Even assuming that these aspects of the monument's appearance and history indicate that it has some religious meaning, the city is not bound to display only symbols that are wholly secular, or to convey solely secular messages. In determining whether a secular purpose exists, we have simply required that the displays not "motivated wholly by religious considerations." Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 US. 668, 680 (1994). The fact that the monument conveys some religious meaning does not cast doubt on he city's valid secular purpose for its display.
Turning to the second prong of Lemon, the Court of Appeals concluded that "[e]ven if we were to ignore the primary purpose behind displaying the Ten Commandments monument, we would have to conclude that this particular display has the primary or principal effect of advancing religion." 235 F.3d, at 304 (citing Allegheny, supra, at 592). In Allegheny, and in Lynch, we recognized the importance of context in evaluating whether displays of symbols with religious meaning send an "unmistakable message" of government support for, or endorsement of, religion. Allegheny, supra, at 598-600; Lynch, supra, at 680.
Considering the Ten Commandments monument in the context in which it appears, it sends no such message. The city has displayed the monument outside the Municipal Building, which houses the local courts and local prosecutor's office. This location emphasizes the foundational role of the Ten Commandments in secular, legal matters. Indeed, a carving of Moses holing the Ten Commandments, surrounded by representations of other historical legal figures, adorns the frieze on the south wall of our courtroom, and we have said that the caving "signals respect not for great proselytizers but for great lawgivers." Allegheny, supra, at 652-653 (STEVENS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Similarly, the Ten Commandments monument and the surrounding structures convey that the monument is part of the city's celebration of its culture and historical roots, not a promotion of religious faith. To that end, the monument shares the lawn outside the Municipal Building with the Revolutionary War Monument, which honors the Revolutionary War soldiers buried in Elkhart County, and a structure called the "Freedom Monument." 235 F.3d, at 296. Above the entrance to the building is a bas-relief of an Elk's head, and the words "DEDICATUM JUSTITIAM." Id., at 295. Considered in that setting, the monument does not express the city's preference for particular religious or religious belief in general. It simply reflects the Ten Commandments' role in the development of our legal system, just as the was memorial and Freedom Monument reflect the history and culture of the city of Elkhart. Perhaps that is why, for four decades, no person has challenged the monument as an unconstitutional endorsement of religion.
I would grant certiorari to decide whether a monument which has stood for more then 40 years, and has at least as much civic significance as it does religious, must be physically removed from the place on front of the city's Municipal Building.