Summary
holding that to come within the adverse interest exception the agent must have totally abandoned her principal's interest, a mere conflict of interest is not enough
Summary of this case from In re American Intern. Group, Inc.Opinion
Argued September 3, 1985
Decided October 22, 1985
Appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department, Howard E. Levitt, J.
Lloyd D. Feld for appellant.
Jules A. Epstein and Joseph T. Adragna for respondents.
MEMORANDUM.
The order of the Appellate Division should be modified, with costs to appellant, by reinstating plaintiff's complaint except those portions of the first, second and fourth causes of action which assert claims against defendants Ingraldi, Goldman, Lakin's Appliance Stores Broadway, Inc. and Lakin's Appliance Stores, Inc. acting in their individual capacities and, as so modified, affirmed.
This action arises out of an agreement between plaintiff and the late Frank Silverman in which Silverman agreed to transfer 10 of his 100 shares in defendant Hampton Affiliates, Inc., a predecessor of defendant Hampton Sales, Inc., to plaintiff. At the time of the agreement the shares had been pledged and delivery was not to occur until they were released from the pledge. Although the shares subsequently became available, the agreement was never completed. Instead, Silverman and his estate transferred all of the shares of Sales to the individual and corporate defendants. Defendants now contend that because they purchased the shares for value, in good faith and without notice of any adverse claim that they have a complete defense, as bona fide purchasers, to plaintiff's claim (see, Uniform Commercial Code § 8-302 [a]; [2]). Plaintiff concedes that the individual defendants took delivery of their shares of stock without notice of his rights. Accordingly, summary judgment was properly granted as to them. There are triable issues of fact, however, on whether the corporate defendant had imputed knowledge of plaintiff's adverse claim at the time it took delivery because its agent, defendant Gross, an attorney and director of the corporation, had knowledge of Silverman's obligation to plaintiff.
The general rule is that knowledge acquired by an agent acting within the scope of his agency is imputed to his principal and the latter is bound by such knowledge although the information is never actually communicated to it (Farr v Newman, 14 N.Y.2d 183, 187; Henry v Allen, 151 N.Y. 1, 9; see, Restatement [Second] of Agency § 272, at 591). Underlying the rule is the presumption that an agent has discharged his duty to disclose to his principal "all the material facts coming to his knowledge with reference to the subject of his agency" (Henry v Allen, supra, at p 9; Marine Midland Bank v Russo Produce Co., 50 N.Y.2d 31, 43). Defendants do not dispute that the rule applies to the facts of this case but for the "adverse interest" exception.
This exception provides that when an agent is engaged in a scheme to defraud his principal, either for his own benefit or that of a third person, the presumption that knowledge held by the agent was disclosed to the principal fails because he cannot be presumed to have disclosed that which would expose and defeat his fraudulent purpose (People v Kirkup, 4 N.Y.2d 209, 213-214; Benedict v Arnoux, 154 N.Y. 715, 729; Henry v Allen, supra, at pp 9-10; see, Marine Midland Bank v Russo Produce Co., supra, at pp 43-44; Restatement [Second] of Agency § 282 [1], at 611; 2 Mechem, Agency § 815, at 1399-1402 [2d ed]; 2 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence § 675, at 923-925 [5th ed]). To come within the exception, the agent must have totally abandoned his principal's interests and be acting entirely for his own or another's purposes. It cannot be invoked merely because he has a conflict of interest or because he is not acting primarily for his principal (see, Farr v Newman, 14 N.Y.2d 183, 190-191, supra; Henry v Allen, supra, at p 11; Restatement [Second] of Agency § 282 [1] comment c). Defendants' moving papers contain only conclusory allegations that Gross was seriously conflicted throughout these transactions and that he and Silverman tried to defraud the corporation. These allegations do not establish sufficient adversity as a matter of law to negate imputed knowledge to the corporation at the time it took delivery of the shares.
We agree with the corporate defendant, however, that plaintiff has failed to raise a triable issue of fact on its actual knowledge of his adverse claim prior to delivery of the stock on December 8, 1975, the critical date under the Code for determining defendant Sales' status as a bona fide purchaser. Although the minutes of the December 8th board of directors meeting and testimony contained in a pretrial deposition indicate that Gross informed the other two directors of plaintiff's claim to stock of Sales, the corporate minutes make it clear that this disclosure came only after the physical acts necessary to transfer title to Silverman's 50 shares of Sales' stock had been consummated.
Defendants' contention that plaintiff lacks standing to maintain his derivative causes of action on behalf of the corporation cannot be conclusively determined at this time (see, Business Corporation Law § 626 [a]). If plaintiff is ultimately successful in this action for specific performance of the agreement to transfer stock to him, he may be entitled to maintain the shareholder's derivative causes of action unless his right to do so was diminished or impaired by the merger of defendant Affiliates into defendant Sales (see, Business Corporation Law § 906 [b] [3]; Marco v Sachs, 201 Misc. 934, affd no opn 279 App. Div. 1085, affd no opn 304 N.Y. 912; Albert v Salzman, 41 A.D.2d 501). If the merger had been of the type designed to "freeze out" minority shareholders, then plaintiff, if a qualified shareholder, might well have lost his right to be a shareholder in the surviving corporation and similarly lost his right to present derivative claims (see, Rubinstein v Catacosinos, 91 A.D.2d 445, 446-447, affd 60 N.Y.2d 890). The merger plan is not contained in the record, however, and there is nothing before us to indicate that the merger was anything but a simple exchange of shares of stock of one corporation for those of another by the supposed sole shareholder, Silverman. Thus, if plaintiff is able to establish his shareholder's status at the time of the merger by prevailing in his claim to 10% of the Silverman shares, he may be entitled to continue his derivative actions on behalf of the merged corporation. Inasmuch as plaintiff's right to maintain a shareholder's derivative action depends upon his success on his individual causes of action, the derivative claims should be severed and held pending disposition of plaintiff's individual claims (see, Bernstein v Polo Fashions, 55 A.D.2d 530, 531).
Finally, plaintiff is entitled to an opportunity to prove that damages do not provide an adequate remedy and that he is entitled to specific performance of the agreement for the transfer of 10 shares of defendants' corporate stock (see, Waddle v Cabana, 220 N.Y. 18, 26; Baltimore Realty Corp. v Alman, 282 App. Div. 714, 715; 4 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence § 1402, at 1036-1037 [5th ed]). We have considered defendants' remaining contentions and find them without merit.
Chief Judge WACHTLER and Judges JASEN, MEYER, SIMONS, KAYE and ALEXANDER concur; Judge TITONE taking no part.
Order modified, with costs to appellant, in accordance with the memorandum herein and, as so modified, affirmed.