LONGO, J.

The plaintiff, a resident and taxpayer of the town of New Canaan, appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court denying his application for a writ of mandamus in which he sought, inter alia, to compel the defendant selectmen, tax collector and members of the New Canaan board of finance to fix a new mill rate for the town for the fiscal year 1977, which began September 1, 1976.

The essential facts, as stipulated by the parties in the trial court and disclosed in the court's finding, reveal the following: On October 19, 1976, the board of finance of New Canaan met in official session and fixed the mill rate to be applied to the grand list for the town for fiscal 1977 at 46.3 mills. In December, 1976, the audit of the fiscal year ending August 31, 1976 was completed and showed a general fund surplus amount available for appropriation ultimately tabulated to be $639,467.66. In setting the mill rate at 46.3 for fiscal 1977, the board of finance did not apply any of the general fund surplus available for appropriation toward the amount to be raised by taxation for fiscal 1977, under the authority of C5-28 of the New Canaan charter, which reads in pertinent part as follows: "[u]nexpended cash balances remaining at the end of any fiscal year may, by resolution of the Board of Finance, be either transferred to a surplus account or subtracted from the amount the Town Council has authorized to be raised by taxation for the ensuing fiscal year." The town selectmen later imposed a tax based on the 46.3 mill rate.

The plaintiff filed suit in January, 1977, claiming that the defendants had wrongfully set the mill rate and corresponding real property tax for fiscal 1977, and sought relief by way of a judgment of mandamus, basing his contentions on 7-344 of the General Statutes as interpreted by the Superior Court in Holmes v. Beckwith, 11 Conn. Sup. 215 (1942), in which the court interpreted 7-344 to mean that a cash surplus in the general fund at the end of the fiscal year should be applied in reducing the amount of the estimated expenditures for the ensuing year in order to determine the rate of tax to be layed upon the taxable property for such year.

The trial court disagreed, finding that the board of finance had properly acted in accordance with its charter, C5-28, in setting the mill rate for fiscal 1977 and in not applying the general fund surplus in reduction of the amount to be raised by taxation in fiscal 1977; that neither General Statutes 7-344 nor the decision in Holmes v. Beckwith, supra, controlled over the specific authority of C5-28 of the charter; that since C5-28 of the charter was enacted after the predecessor of 7-344 of the General Statutes the former provision was controlling; and that there was no judicial presumption in favor of the plaintiff's claim that C5-28 was preempted by 7-344 of the General Statutes. From the rendition of judgment in favor of the defendants, the plaintiff has appealed to this court.

I

The plaintiff first assigns error in the failure of the trial court to take account of the claimed "judicial presumption" in favor of taxpayers set forth in this court's decision in Levin-Townsend Computer Corporation v. Hartford, 166 Conn. 405, 409, 349 A.2d 853 (1974), in which it was stated that "[d]oubts as to the taxing authority of the municipality must be resolved in favor of the taxpayer." It appears that the plaintiff argues that a presumption of validity attaches to his claim that C5-28 of the New Canaan charter is preempted by 7-344 of the General Statutes. The answer to the plaintiff's argument in this respect may be found by referring to the source of the above quotation; Curtis v. Corbin, 93 Conn. 648, 657, 107 A. 506 (1919); in which this court stated that any judicial presumption in favor of a taxpayer's suit is limited to cases of clear statutory ambiguity: "The mere fact that there may be differences of opinion, so that a judicial determination has to be obtained, or that one construction may lead to a heavier tax than another, is not enough. We think this doctrine applies only in case of a clear ambiguity in language which substantially leaves the statute equally open to different interpretations . . . ." In the present case there is "clear ambiguity" in neither C5-28 of the charter nor 7-344 of the General Statutes. Cf. Hartford Electric Light Co. v. Wethersfield, 165 Conn. 211, 219, 332 A.2d 83 (1973); Consolidated Diesel Electric Corporation v. Stamford, 156 Conn. 33, 36, 238 A.2d 410 (1968). In contrast, the plaintiff merely seeks a judicial determination as to which law controls the activities of the New Canaan board of finance in connection with the disposition of the cash surplus and the setting of a corresponding mill rate for fiscal 1977. If the result of that determination disfavors the plaintiff, a heavier tax may follow. In such circumstances, no judicial presumption of validity attaches to the plaintiff's claims. Curtis v. Corbin, supra, 657.

II

The plaintiff next claims that the town is required under General Statutes 7-344 and the decision in Holmes v. Beckwith, 11 Conn. Sup. 215 (1942), to apply a cash surplus accumulated at the end of any fiscal year in reduction of the rate of tax to be levied for the following year. The defendants respond that C5-28 of the town charter authorizes them, under a proper interpretation of municipal authority under the Home Rule Act, General Statutes 7-187 — 7-201, and as a matter of statutory construction, either to retain a year end surplus in a surplus account or to apply the surplus to reduce the amount of revenue to be raised by taxes in the ensuing fiscal year.

A

We appear not to have addressed the precise issue whether the local autonomy conferred upon municipalities by the Home Rule Act to govern, inter alia, matters of real property taxation and the fixing of a corresponding mill rate ought to supersede the provisions of a related section of the General Statutes dealing with the scope of municipal authority to tax. The purpose, however, of Connecticut's Home Rule Act is clearly twofold: to relieve the General Assembly of the burdensome task of handling and enacting special legislation of local municipal concern and to enable a municipality to draft and adopt a home rule charter or ordinance which shall constitute the organic law of the city, superseding its existing charter and any inconsistent special acts. General Statutes 7-188; Sloane v. Waterbury, 150 Conn. 24, 26-27, 183 A.2d 839 (1962); State ex rel. Sloane v. Reidy, 152 Conn. 419, 209 A.2d 674 (1965); Shalvoy v. Curran, 393 F.2d 55, 59 (2d Cir. 1968); see Littlefield, "Municipal Home Rule — Connecticut's Mature Approach," 37 Conn. B.J. 390, 402 (1963); 56 Am.Jur.2d, Municipal Corporations 126; 62 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations 124. The rationale of the act, simply stated, is that issues of local concern are most logically answered locally, pursuant to a home rule charter, exclusive of the provisions of the General Statutes. See Lockard, "Home Rule for Connecticut's Municipalities," 29 Conn. B.J. 51, 54 (1955). Moreover, home rule legislation was enacted "to enable municipalities to conduct their own business and control their own affairs to the fullest possible extent in their own way . . . upon the principle that the municipality itself knew better what it wanted and needed than did the state at large, and to give that municipality the exclusive privilege and right to enact direct legislation which would carry out and satisfy its wants and needs." Fragley v. Phelan, 126 Cal. 383, 387, 58 P. 923 (1899); accord 1 Antieau, Municipal Corporation Law, 3.03; 1 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (2d Ed.) 93.

In furtherance of this stated goal of home rule legislation, it has been held that a general law, in order to prevail over a conflicting charter provision of a city having a home rule charter, must pertain to those things of general concern to the people of the state, and it cannot deprive cities of the right to legislate on purely local affairs germane to city purposes. Portland v. Welch, 154 Or. 286, 59 P.2d 228 (1936); see 62 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations 125; 5 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed. 1969 Rev.), 15.20 (issues relating strictly to municipal affairs are within the exclusive delegated power of municipalities coming under home rule). In the numerous jurisdictions having either constitutional or legislative municipal home rule, the overwhelming view accords to the municipality the fullest extent of home rule authority, consistent with law, in matters of local concern. See, e.g., Littlefield, "Municipal Home Rule — Connecticut's Mature Approach," supra; Klemme, "The Powers of Home Rule Cities in Colorado," 36 Colorado L. Rev. 321 (1964).

B

Against this background, we must decide whether the town was authorized to withhold the general fund surplus available for appropriation for fiscal 1977, pursuant to C5-28 of the town charter, and to impose a corresponding mill rate, notwithstanding the provisions of 7-344 of the General Statutes, and its interpretive decision, Holmes v. Beckwith, 11 Conn. Sup. 215 (1942). We have determined that the town was authorized, pursuant to its charter, to withhold the general fund surplus, and to set a corresponding mill rate.

It is axiomatic that, in Connecticut, the power to levy taxes is vested in the General Assembly; Kellems v. Brown, 163 Conn. 478, 487, 313 A.2d 53 (1972), appeal dismissed, 409 U.S. 1099, 93 S.Ct. 911, 34 L.Ed.2d 678 (1973); that a municipality has no inherent powers of taxation except those expressly granted by the legislature; Pepin v. Danbury, 171 Conn. 74, 83, 368 A.2d 88 (1976); that the General Assembly is empowered to authorize municipalities to collect taxes, for example, by granting them a charter; State ex rel. Brush v. Sixth Taxing District, 104 Conn. 192, 198-99, 132 A. 561 (1926); and that a municipality's powers of taxation can be lawfully exercised only in strict conformity to the terms by which they are given. Low Stamford Corporation v. Stamford, 164 Conn. 178, 182, 319 A.2d 369 (1972). Whether a charter provision, however, relating to taxation and the appropriation or withholding of a general fund surplus prevails over a general statute on the subject depends upon a construction of applicable laws and the policy of the state relating to the matter. 16 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed.) 44.06; 56 Am.Jur.2d, Municipal Corporations 129.

When the applicable laws are construed, it is apparent that the predecessor of the present New Canaan charter, "An Act Consolidating the Town and Borough of New Canaan" was enacted by special act of the legislature on June 4, 1935. 22 Spec. Laws 229, No. 389. Section 37 of this act, the predecessor of C5-28 of the present charter, authorized the board of finance either to transfer unexpended cash balances (surpluses) remaining at the end of a fiscal year to a surplus account, or to deduct the surplus from the amount to be raised by taxation for the ensuing fiscal year. This special act was enacted after the predecessor of 7-344 of the General Statutes, which was originally passed as 1931 Public Acts, No. 268, amending 418 of the 1930 Revision of the General Statutes. Thereafter, on November 5, 1974, pursuant to the home rule legislation, General Statutes 7-188, a codification of the existing charter was approved by the town, incorporating the former 37 of the special act as C5-28 of the new charter.

From a reading of the provisions of the Home Rule Act, General Statutes 7-187 — 7-201, it is evident that the legislature intended to give "home rule towns" the freedom to retain aspects of special acts and charters suited to particular local needs and practices. This court has stated, moreover, that, consistent with home rule legislation, the policy of this state has been "to place in the hands of its local governments a large authority in the regulation of their local affairs." Jennings v. Connecticut Light Power Co., 140 Conn. 650, 663, 103 A.2d 535 (1954); Central Railway Electric Co.'s Appeal, 67 Conn. 197, 219, 35 A. 32 (1896); cf. State v. Cederaski, 80 Conn. 478, 480, 69 A. 19 (1908).

The courts that have considered the issue have almost uniformly held that the imposition of real property taxes, a matter concerning the ordinary town corporate budget, incidental to the existence of the organized municipal corporation, is a local matter, concerning which home rule charter provisions are controlling. See West Coast Advertising Co. v. San Francisco, 14 Cal.2d 516, 95 P.2d 138 (1939); State v. Erickson, 157 Minn. 200, 195 N.W. 919 (1923); People v. Village of Pelham, 215 N.Y. 374, 109 N.E. 513 (1915); Portland v. Welch, 154 Or. 286, 59 P.2d 288 (1936); 16 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed. 1972 Rev.) 44.06a; 56 Am.Jur.2d, Municipal Corporations 129. As a corollary to this rule, the great majority of home rule states have accepted the principle that general laws pertaining to municipal affairs, such as decisions with respect to the appropriation of surplus revenues, as distinguished from state affairs — those in which the interests of the state dominate — do not supersede the provisions of home rule charters or ordinances on the same subject. See 6 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed. 1969 Rev.) 21.33; 5 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed. 1969 Rev.) 15.20; annot., 106 A.L.R. 1202, 1205.

These authorities, and the following considerations, dictate that New Canaan, under the authority of C5-28 of its charter, is empowered to withhold a general fund surplus in a surplus account and that its authority in this regard is not limited by the decision in Holmes v. Beckwith, 11 Conn. Sup. 215 (1942), interpreting 7-344 of the General Statutes. First, the decision in Holmes, cannot be construed as binding upon the issues in this case. In Holmes, interpreting General Statutes 7-344, the court held that, "in the absence of statutory authority," a cash surplus in the general fund at the end of the fiscal year should be applied in reducing the amount of the estimated expenditures for the ensuing year in order to reduce the levy upon the taxpayer's property. The court was not confronted, as we are in the present case, with a local home rule charter, i.e., statutory authority, expressly authorizing the retention of surplus revenues in a surplus account. The Holmes case simply did not address the issues presented where a conflict exists between a general statute and a town charter both dealing with the subject of appropriating revenue surpluses; it is thus not controlling.

Second, the allocation of power between legislature and municipality must be made in accordance with the purpose of the home rule legislation which vested in the cities a part, and an exclusive part, of the power to legislate free from the control of the General Assembly. That purpose, as we pointed out initially, was to make operative the concept that the closer those who make and execute the laws are to the citizens they represent, the better are those citizens governed in accordance with democratic ideals. That objective would be disserved if we should decide that the General Assembly preempts the field each time it makes a statute of general application. The legislative recognition that municipalities have autonomy to govern local matters, such as the raising of revenue by real property taxation, counsels that the specific and express provisions of C5-28 of the town charter control the present controversy.

Finally, as a pure matter of statutory construction, "[t]here is a presumption that the legislature, in enacting a law, did so in view of existing relevant statutes and intended it to be read with them so as to make one consistent body of law." Hurlbut v. Lemelin, 155 Conn. 68, 74, 230 A.2d 36 (1967); Cicala v. Administrator, 161 Conn. 362, 365, 288 A.2d 66 (1971). Here, the predecessor of 7-344 of the General Statutes was enacted prior to the predecessor of C5-28 of the town charter, and there is no indication that the legislature intended the statute to prevail in the face of the specific provisions of the local charter. Thus, in accordance with accepted principles of statutory construction, the provisions of the charter must prevail. 82 C.J.S., Statutes, 369; 62 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations 198; State ex rel. Wallen v. Hatch, 82 Conn. 122, 124, 72 A. 575 (1909); see Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Furlong, 162 Conn. 390, 404, 294 A.2d 546 (1972); Meriden v. Board of Tax Review, 161 Conn. 396, 402, 288 A.2d 435 (1971). Even in they absence of the persuasive conception of home rule municipal authority we have adverted to above, we must conclude as a matter of statutory construction that the specific language of C5-28 of the charter prevails over the provisions of 7-344 of the General Statutes.

In sum, we hold that the defendant board of finance acted properly pursuant to C5-28 of the town charter in withholding the fiscal 1976 revenue surplus and in not applying it to reduce the amount of estimated expenditures for fiscal 1977.

III

The plaintiff next makes a number of interrelated claims focusing upon the town's retention of its year end surplus. They will be discussed seriatim.

A

The plaintiff first asserts that General Statutes 7-191a and 7-192 preclude the town from exercising any power to levy or collect any tax not authorized by the General Statutes, arguing that C5-28 of the town charter contains no express grant of taxing power, and if so interpreted, directly conflicts with that section of 7-192 which provides: "Nothing contained in this chapter shall empower any town, city or borough to levy or collect any tax not authorized by the general statutes." The plaintiff's argument appears to be that since the town held the year end surplus in a surplus account, rather than applying it to reduce the mill rate, it was exercising an unauthorized taxing power In violation of 7-192. We disagree. A levying body has considerable discretion in the composition of the municipal budget; 72 Am.Jur.2d, State and Local Taxation 714; and the mere retention of a cash surplus created in one fiscal year is not the exercise of a taxing power as to the effect the retention has on the ensuing fiscal year. 16 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d Ed. 1972 Rev.) 44.25. In view of the specific authority of C5-28 of the charter, the board of finance, in fixing the mill rate for the fiscal 1977, was not required to take into account the existing cash surplus. See 16 McQuillin, supra; Rancho Santa Anita, Inc. v. City of Arcadia, 20 Cal.2d 319, 125 P.2d 475 (1942); State v. Powers, 24 N.J.L. 408 (1854); People ex rel. Stevenson v. Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe Ry. Co., 261 Ill. 33, 103 N.E. 614 (1913); People ex rel. Browne v. Chicago E.I. Ry. Co., 306 Ill. 402, 138 N.E. 127 (1923); annot., 126 A.L.R. 891, 892. These authorities point out that the mere retention of a surplus, pursuant to statutory authority, is not the exercise of a taxing power and that the mere fact that in setting the amount to be levied by taxation, the town has levied an amount greater than its actual requirement, does not allow a taxpayer to challenge the mill rate, unless the amount levied is grossly excessive so as to show an improper purpose in making the levy.

It is thus apparent that the town, by retaining a cash surplus, did not authorize a tax in conflict with 7-192 of the General Statutes. Many actions that a municipality may take, short of taxation, such as applying for a federal grant or not, affect the amount of money to be raised by taxation. This alone, however, does not make those actions the exercise of a taxing power. A multitude of factors influence the amount of revenues a town raises by taxation. The charter merely authorizes the retention of a cash surplus, having an incidental effect on the mill rate. We do not believe that such a retention is the exercise of a taxing power.

B

The plaintiff finally argues that whatever authority is granted by C5-28 of the town charter is limited to "unexpended cash balances, remaining at the end of any fiscal year" and can include neither a surplus created in prior years and carried over, nor the excess of actual revenues over budgeted revenues. We cannot agree with the plaintiff's interpretation that the term "unexpended cash balances remaining" does not include the surplus from prior years, and the excess of revenue on hand over that budgeted. The plaintiff has cited no authority for his interpretation of the term "unexpended cash balances remaining" neither did he offer evidence, expert or otherwise, on the meaning of this term in the trial court. Nonetheless, it would appear that both items are within the fair intendment of C5-28 of the charter. It has, moreover, been held that an available surplus means any cash surplus remaining in the current expense fund at the beginning of the fiscal year. Weyerhaeuser Timber Company v. Roessler, 2 Wash.2d 304, 97 P.2d 1070 (1940). We find no error in the decision of the trial court including these two items in the town's "unexpended cash balances remaining" at the end of fiscal 1976.