Summary
In Carter, the Court concluded that a prior involuntary dismissal with prejudice in federal court operated as a bar to a subsequent state court suit, which is not the circumstances presented here.
Summary of this case from Henry v. U.S. Bank, N.A.Opinion
Docket No. 73766.
Decided June 5, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Sachs, Nunn, Kates, Kadushin, O'Hare, Helveston Waldman, P.C. (by Kathleen L. Bogas), for plaintiffs.
Dickinson, Wright, Moon, Van Dusen Freeman (by Thomas G. Kienbaum and Maureen H. Burke), for defendant.
In December 1981, James L. Carter in propria persona filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan claiming that he had been discharged from his employment with defendant in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Carter subsequently retained an attorney and, on January 25, 1982, he and his wife filed an action in the Wayne Circuit Court alleging that he had been discharged by defendant in violation of an employment contract. The federal action was dimissed on October 22, 1982, due to James Carter's failure to obey orders of the court to attend the final (and apparently the second scheduled) pretrial conference and for lack of progress. Thereafter, defendant moved for accelerated and/or summary judgment on the grounds of res judicata and failure to exhaust contractual remedies. Due to the withdrawal of plaintiffs' attorney, they were granted additional time to obtain substitute counsel and prepare for the motion. On March 4, 1983, defendant's motions were denied, but on rehearing, the trial court, by opinion dated August 23, 1983, and by order dated September 7, 1983, granted defendant's motion for accelerated judgment on the basis of res judicata.
Plaintiff's claim is based on the contract theory discussed in Touissaint v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 Mich. 579; 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980).
We find that the instant case is controlled by Brownridge v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 115 Mich. App. 745; 321 N.W.2d 798 (1982), and, thus, affirm the judgment rendered below. In Brownridge, the plaintiff had initially filed an action in federal court claiming that her discharge was the result of sex discrimination. Pursuant to stipulation, the action was dismissed with prejudice. Prior to the dismissal of the federal action, plaintiff had filed suit in state court alleging that her discharge was the result of her refusal to engage in certain discriminatory "redlining" practices.
Michigan has adopted the broad application of the rule of res judicata. Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich. 147; 294 N.W.2d 165 (1980); Gursten v Kenney, 375 Mich. 330; 134 N.W.2d 764 (1965). Under this theory, claims that were actually litigated are barred from the second action, as well as "those claims arising out of the same transaction which plaintiff would have brought, but did not". Gose, supra, p 160. Further explication of the scope of the doctrine is found in Harrington v Huff Mitchell Co, 155 Mich. 139, 142; 118 N.W. 924 (1908), where the Supreme Court stated:
"The plea of res judicata applies, except in special cases, not only to points upon which the court was actually required by the parties to form an opinion and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time."
We find that the present factual situation is almost identical to the situation which existed in Brownridge and agree with the Brownridge panel that because "both actions arose out of the same discharge from employment, both actions arose `out of the same transaction', both actions involved `point[s] which properly belonged to the subject of litigation', and both involved `the same matter in issue'". 115 Mich. App. 748. Had plaintiff sought to have his state claim joined with his federal case, the federal judge would have had the discretion to hear and decide the issue under the court's pendent jurisdiction. See, e.g., United Mine Workers of America v Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715; 86 S Ct 1130; 16 L Ed 2d 218 (1966).
Unlike Brownridge, the present case involves not a voluntary dismissal but an involuntary dismissal for failure to comply with court orders and for lack of progress. Both dismissals were with prejudice. The question is whether the October 22, 1982, dismissal of plaintiff's federal action constitutes an adjudication on the merits. Based on federal and state authority, we find that, under the circumstances of this case, the dismissal is a final judgment on the merits.
An involuntary dismissal pursuant to Fed R Civ P 41(b) is an adjudication on the merits unless the court in its order of dismissal provides otherwise. Dismissal under this rule is proper for plaintiff's failure to prosecute or for plaintiff's failure to comply with the court rules or any order of the court. 2B Barron Holtzoff, Federal Practice Procedure, § 916, pp 134-135. Although it is recognized that a dismissal with prejudice is a harsh and drastic sanction, the matter resides within the discretion of the federal trial court. 2B Barron Holtzoff, Federal Practice Procedure, §§ 917-918, pp 136-145. While such a dismissal may be overturned, it appears that plaintiff has made no attempt to appeal the dismissal or to reinstate his case and has made no claim of excuse or justification for the failure to prosecute the federal action.
Similarly, in Michigan practice, an involuntary dismissal due to plaintiff's failure to comply with the court rules or any order of the court will operate as an adjudication on the merits unless the order of dismissal provides otherwise. GCR 1963, 504.2. While a ministerial "no-progress" dismissal might not constitute an adjudication on the merits, a dismissal on motion of the defendant and by order of the court, after judicial consideration, would most likely be considered an adjudication on the merits. Caughey v Rozycki, 22 Mich. App. 317; 177 N.W.2d 257 (1970); Corley v Krawczak, 34 Mich. App. 472; 191 N.W.2d 514 (1971); Green v Wayne Soap Co, 33 Mich. App. 74; 189 N.W.2d 729 (1971), rev'd 385 Mich. 785; 189 N.W.2d 220 (1971). While recognizing that the federal court dismissal was not preceded by a motion to dismiss by defendant, we find that the order was not a ministerial dismissal entered in a routine fashion but, instead, was a discretionary determination of the federal judge based on the individual facts of the case. We believe that under both federal and Michigan law, the involuntary dismissal was an adjudication on the merits, thus barring plaintiff's state action.
We have considered plaintiffs' allegation of error and find that the trial court properly granted defendant's motion for accelerated judgment based on the prior dismissal of the federal claim. Although cognizant of the fact that plaintiff James Carter proceeded in propria persona in federal court, we are not persuaded that his decision to act without the aid of counsel entitles him to the relief he seeks. He was apparently able to obtain counsel within a short time after he filed his federal court action. We believe that, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, he could have brought all issues involved in his discharge in a single proceeding.
Affirmed.