Summary
In Carter v. Gray, 58 N. J. Eq. 411, 43 A. 711, 712, Vice Chancellor Grey said: "When the question presented requires the construction of a residuary clause, the courts have a strong disposition so to interpret it as to prevent an intestacy with regard to any part of the testator's property.
Summary of this case from Second Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of Red Bank v. BordenOpinion
06-30-1899
CARTER v. GRAY et al.
Alan H. Strong and Woodbridge Strong, for complainant. James H. Durand and Leslie Lupton, for defendants.
(Syllabus by the Court.)
Bill by Mary A. Carter against John Gray and others. Decree for complainant.
Alan H. Strong and Woodbridge Strong, for complainant.
James H. Durand and Leslie Lupton, for defendants.
GREY, V. C. This cause is presented on bill to quiet title, and answer admitting all the material allegations of the bill, save the averment that the complainant took a title in fee simple to the land in question under the will of Simon Carter, deceased, under whom both parties claim,—the complainant by devise, the defendants by descent. The lands consist of five separate tracts in New Brunswick, N. J. Of these Simon Carter died seised in fee simple in 1893. His will is dated the 10th day of March, 1893, and was proven on April 6, 1893, which is within a month after its date. The whole controversy between the parties arises upon the construction of the will, and particularly upon the residuary clause and the next following paragraph. The complainant, who is the widow of the testator, contends that the will devises to her a fee-simple estate in all the testator's real property; and the defendants, who are the collateral heirs of the testator, insist that the devise to the complainant passed only a life estate in the realty, and that the testator died intestate of the fee. The testator left, him surviving, his widow, the complainant in this suit, and no children; his heirs at law being his nephews and nieces, who are the defendants in this suit. He was possessed at the time of his death of about $11,320 of personal estate. He does not appear to have owed debts to any substantial amount. He gave to his nephews and nieces 10 money legacies. The sum of the legacies is $11,500, which would more than exhaust the whole of the personal estate. There la but one clause which makes any disposition of the testator's real estate, and that is the residuary clause. Looking at the whole instrument, it is readily seen that care for his wife was the dominant purpose of the testator's mind, but in forming the will no expression was given to that purpose until he had by his money gifts disposed of all his personalty. Then comes the residuary clause, which shows the first dealing with the testator's real estate. It is in these words: "All the rest and residue of my estate and property, real and personal, and of every nature and kind, and wheresoever situate and being, I give, devise, and bequeath unto my wife, Mary A. Carter." The testator by this clause clearly shows his intent to give to his wife the residue of both his realty and personalty. This was the subject-matter of the gift. He does not define the extent of the interest which he devises to her, but his use of the words "estate" and "property," in this connection, shows that he was giving to her his whole interest and ownership in this residue. The word "estate," at common law, even when used in a grant, signified such inheritance, freehold, etc., or the like, as any man hath in lands (Co. Litt. 345); and a devise of all one's real estate comprehends, not only the physical thing itself, but the interest which the testator has in it. It is a description of his fee (Holt, C. J., Countess of Bridgwater v. Duke of Bolton, 1 Salk. 237), and carries, not only the land, but also the testator's interest in it (Barry v. Edge worth, 2 P. Wms. 524, and cases there cited; Jackson v. Merrill, 6 Johns. 191). So, also, the word "property," when used in connection with other expressions showing that it refers to the testator's real estate, or where the devise is of all the testator's property, will give a fee to the devisee. Morrison v. Semple, 6 Bin. 94; Jackson v. Housel, 17 Johns. 283. These constructions of the meanings of these words are those given at the common law, and without the aid of any statutory declaration of the effect to be given to them. They accord with their usual and ordinary use by all classes of persons, and must be held to indicate a purpose to devise a fee in the testator's real estate, unless some other expressions in his will control their use, and indicate a different intent. In addition to the common-law rule above cited, the statute of 1784 (3 Gen. St. p. 3763, § 35) provides that devises from which the words of inheritance may be omitted, but which contain no expressions indicating an intent to pass an estate for life only, and no limitation over, shall pass a fee simple. This statute is declared in its preamble to be enacted to aid testators who intend by their wills to pass absolute estates, but who omit to use the technical expressions apt for that purpose. Since this statute, it has become common usage in drawing wills intended to pass a fee to omit the use of the word "heirs." A devise of the character named in the statutehas, in legal construction, under the operation of this statute, precisely the same effect as it would hare had if the word "heirs" had been used. The effect of the common-law construction of the words "estate and property" in this residuary gift must be held to pass a fee, if they alone supported the complainant's contention. The statute has the same effect, unless there be something in the will indicating a purpose to pass an estate for life only or to create a limitation over.
The only expression in the will which is claimed to show a contrary intent or to have a limiting effect is found in the paragraph following the residuary gift, in these words: "I do further will and direct that none of the foregoing moneys and legacies shall be paid until after the death of my said wife, and that she shall have, for her sole use and benefit, the whole of the income from my entire estate, after payment of my just debts and funeral expenses, so long as she, my said wife, shall live." The defendants insist that the effect of this clause is to show an intent on the part of the testator to limit his wife's interest in his real estate to an estate during her life only, and that he died intestate of the fee in that real estate. This clause cannot be given the construction for which the defendants contend. The subject-matter with which the testator is dealing in this paragraph is the "foregoing moneys and legacies," and not his real estate. His gifts of money by his previously bestowed legacies were so large in amount that they would exhaust the whole of his personal estate. Their payment could be required in a year from his death, and this would deprive his wife of any use of his personalty. The whole scheme of the will shows that her support was his controlling purpose. Her deprivation of the use of his personal estate by the legacies was the mischief he desired to remedy by this paragraph. It should be noted that the legacies remain bequeathed to the legatees after this clause, precisely as before, save that the time of payment is postponed until after the death of the wife, and it is during this same period— that is, so long as she shall live—that she is by the clause given the whole of the income. It is true the testator states it as the "income from my entire estate after payment of my just debts and funeral expenses, so long as my said wife shall live"; but the subject-matter to which he was referring was his entire personal estate, and it was this whose payment he had just postponed during his wife's life, and it may be fairly understood that it was the income from this which he wished his wife to have during her natural life. His use of the words, "my entire estate after payment of my just debts and funeral expenses," aids this view, because it is from the personal estate that debts and funeral expenses are paid, and it was the income from what remained of this estate after such payment which he desired to secure to his wife.
In the clause restraining the payment of the legacies, and giving the income to the wife, there is no mention of real estate nor of the preceding residuary devise. To construe by implication the words "my entire estate," occurring in the clause which obviously deals only with personalty, to include also real estate, and to cut down the residuary devise to a life estate, and cause the testator to die intestate of the fee, is, in my view, to stretch these words beyond their proper relation, and give to them a meaning not within the contemplation of the testator, and opposed to the dominant object of the will, as it deprives the wife of a fee previously fully given. A will ought not to be construed so as to impute to the testator a purpose to die intestate of the fee, if it can be avoided. Wadley v. North, 3 Ves. 367. This rule has been accepted in this country, and it has been held in Pennsylvania that no presumption of an intent to die intestate will arise where the words of the testator will carry the whole estate (Stehman v. Stehman, 1 Watts, 475); and in New York that the law prefers a construction of a will which will prevent a partial intestacy to one which will permit it (Vernon v. Vernon, 53 N. Y. 361); and in this state in Yawger's Ex'r v. Yawger, 37 N. J. Eq. 218.
When the question presented requires the construction of a residuary clause, the courts have a strong disposition so to interpret it as to prevent an intestacy with regard to any part of the testator's property. Leake v. Robinson, 2 Mer. 386. "It must always be remembered," says Sir Richard Pepper Arden, M. R., in Philipps v. Chamberlaine, 4 Ves. 59, "that, when the residue is given, every presumption is to be made that the testator did not intend to die intestate;" and in Warner v. Willard, 54 Conn. 470, 9 Atl. 136, where there was a devise of the real estate in terms for life to the wife, and also a gift of "all the residue of my estate, of whatever name or kind," to her, the residuary gift was held to have passed to the wife a fee in the real estate. Kouvalinka v. Geibel, 40 N. J. Eq. 443, 3 Atl. 260, is in some respects like the case now under consideration. The testator gave his real estate to his three children in fee, and by a subsequent clause provided that the share of one of the three should be retained by his executors, to be held for her benefit, the proceeds therefrom to be paid to her every year during the term of her natural life. The interest of this child was not cut down to a life estate by the provision that she should have the proceeds during her life, nor did the testator die intestate as to the fee of that share. The devise to the child was held to pass a fee, though the rents, etc., were to be collected and paid to her by the trustees during her life. In the case at bar,the testator had disposed of the residue of his whole estate by the residuary clause. The whole structure of the will indicates that he did not intend, in the next following clause, to deal in any way with the residuary disposition already made, but only to take away from the legatees, during his wife's life, the enjoyment of their legacies, and to give it to her during that period. This view accords with the expressions used by the testator in the legacy to James Carter. In the arrangement of his will he had evidently overlooked James, until after the other legacies, the residuary clause, and the paragraph giving the wife the use of the legacy moneys for life had been written. The testator then gives to James Carter a legacy of $500, "to be paid to him as said other legacies are to be paid, at and after the death of my said wife, she having the income thereupon during the term of her life." There is no reason to believe that the testator intended the reservation of the payment of the preceding legacy moneys to his other legatees to have any effect different from the reservation of James' legacy money. He evidently had in each case the same object in view,—the saving to his wife during her life the enjoyment of his entire personal estate. The phrasing of the residuary clause, blending the real and personal estate into one mass, is held to indicate the testator's intent that the legacies are to be charged, not only upon the personalty, but also upon the real estate. Corwine v. Corwine, 24 N. J. Eq. 579. This rule is admitted in the complainant's bill to apply in the present case. The several money legacies are, under the terms of the will, charges upon the testator's real estate. There should be a decree declaring that, as against the defendants, the complainant became seised under the will of Simon Carter, deceased, of a fee-simple estate in the premises described in the bill of complaint, charged with the payment of the several money legacies given by that will; that the defendants have no title to the lands in question, and no other interest therein, than the charge of their said several legacies thereon.