Summary
In Caponigri v. Altieri (165 N.Y. 255) we held that the penalties could be collected in an action brought for that purpose, but how could such an action be maintained against the Federal Bank upon the paper in question? It has received no unlawful rate of interest. It has not violated any statute in this regard.
Summary of this case from Schlesinger v. LehmaierOpinion
Submitted December 10, 1900
Decided January 8, 1901
H.K. Coddington and George C. De Lacy for appellants. Charles W. Dayton for respondent.
This is a motion for a reargument. Its purpose is to procure an order vacating the dismissal of the appeal to this court, and to obtain a determination of the questions of law presented upon the original argument. If we improperly dismissed, then it is clearly our duty to decide the case as it was first presented, and no further argument seems necessary.
The dismissal was upon the ground that the facts, as well as the law, were before the Appellate Division, and that court having neither dismissed nor affirmed as to the facts an appeal to this court would not lie. It turns out that although the General Term of the City Court affirmed both the order denying a new trial and the judgment, yet, when the defendants entered judgment upon the decision of that court they omitted therefrom the affirmance of the order denying a new trial. Therefore, as the appeal to the Supreme Court was from a judgment which simply affirmed the judgment below and not the order denying the motion for a new trial, the questions of fact presented by that motion were not before the Appellate Division and could not be passed upon by it. ( Thurber v. Harlem B., M. F.R.R. Co., 60 N.Y. 326. ) Under these circumstances it seems clear that the appeal to this court should not have been dismissed, that the order of dismissal should now be vacated and the case decided upon the questions presented upon the argument of the appeal.
The plaintiff was an individual banker, and brought this action upon a promissory note made by one of the defendants and indorsed by the other. As a counterclaim they set up certain transactions with which they alleged the note in suit was connected and in which they claim to have paid the plaintiff considerable amounts of usurious interest, and upon such claim sought to recover double the sum thus paid. The defendants' claimed right of recovery was based upon the provisions of chapter 689, Laws of 1892, which provides that every bank and individual banker may receive and charge on every loan or discount at the rate of six per cent per annum, and that such interest may be taken in advance; that the taking of a greater rate shall be adjudged a forfeiture of the entire interest which the debt carries or which has been agreed to be paid thereon; that if a greater than the lawful rate of interest has been paid, the person paying it or his legal representatives may recover back twice the amount of the interest thus paid from the bank or individual banker taking or receiving it, if the action is brought within two years; and that "the true intent and meaning of this section is to place and continue banks and individual bankers on an equality in the particulars herein referred to with the national banks organized under the act of Congress, * * * approved June 3, 1864."
That the plaintiff was an individual banker is admitted. If greater than lawful interest was paid him, then under the General Banking Law of 1892 (Ch. 689, § 55) the defendants, in a proper action, would be entitled to recover the penalty imposed by that statute. But the question here presented is, whether that penalty may be enforced by way of counterclaim in an action upon a promissory note. That question was first presented to this court in a case where a national bank was a party, and it was held that a counterclaim for the penalty might be allowed. ( National Bank of Auburn v. Lewis, 75 N.Y. 516.) After that decision, however, the United States Supreme Court, in Barnet v. Nat. Bank ( 98 U.S. 555) adopted the opposite view, and held that such a demand could not be set up as a counterclaim in such an action, but could only be enforced in the manner stated in the act of Congress, which was by penal suit. After the decision in that case the Lewis case was reargued, and this court, following the decision in the Barnet case, then held that in an action brought to recover the amount of a promissory note discounted by a national bank, it could not be set up by way of counterclaim or set-off that the bank in discounting a series of notes took, and there was paid to it, a greater rate of interest than was allowed by law, but that the remedy was an action of debt to recover back twice the amount paid. If in the case at bar the plaintiff had been a national bank instead of an individual banker, the last decision in the Lewis case would be controlling. The appellants now contend: 1. That as the counterclaim in this action is based upon the statute of 1892, the question involved is one of pleading under the Code of Civil Procedure, and the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and of this court in the former cases do not apply, as no question of pleading arose in those cases; and, 2. That they have no application because the plaintiff is an individual banker instead of a national bank.
The second decision of this court in the Lewis case does not justify the claim that no question of pleading under the practice of this state arose in that case, as the counsel for the defendant there claimed that setting up the forfeiture as a counterclaim presented a question of practice, did not involve the construction of a statute, and that the remedy by way of set-off or rebatement should be upheld. This court held otherwise, and that it by no means followed that the practice and pleadings which the legislature had prescribed for state courts in regard to a counterclaim or recoupment of mutual demands should defeat the object and intention of the Federal enactment.
As we understand it, the substance of that decision is that, in an action in the state court, the practice and pleadings prescribed in regard to a counterclaim cannot be resorted to to defeat the object and intention of the Federal enactment, and, hence, where a national bank usuriously received a greater than the lawful rate of interest, the amount so paid, although forfeited, cannot be recovered upon a counterclaim in an action upon a note, although it was connected with the transaction in which the usury was paid. Thus it is manifest that the question of practice in this state arose in the last decision of the Lewis case, where it was held that, notwithstanding the rules in this state in regard to set-off or counterclaim, they could not be applied to a case where the statute provided for a forfeiture, which was to be recovered by an action, and that the remedy thus given was exclusive and must be pursued.
The remaining question upon this branch of the case is whether a different rule applies to an individual banker doing business under the laws of this state. The determination of that question depends for its solution upon the intent of the legislature in enacting section 55 of the General Banking Law. When that intent is ascertained the statute must be enforced in accordance therewith, and the court may not substitute its views as to the justice or expediency of the statute. Nor can it speculate as to the intention of the legislature where the words of the statute are clear and plainly disclose the purpose of its enactment. In this statute the legislature, after providing that a person paying greater than legal interest to a state bank or individual banker may recover twice the amount paid if an action is brought within two years, in clear and unmistakable terms declared the true intent and purpose of the section. Its avowed purpose was to place the banks and individual bankers of the state upon an equality in the particulars referred to with national banks organized under the act of Congress. As we have already seen, as against national banks such a forfeiture cannot be set up as a counterclaim, but can only be recovered in a penal action. If, as the legislature declared, it was its intent to place state banks and individual bankers on an equality with national banks, it necessarily follows that the legislature intended that the special remedy which was required in one case should be required in the other, and, hence, that under this statute, as well as under the Federal statute, the penalty imposed for taking usury must be recovered in a penal action. The method of enforcing this right is inseparable from the right itself, and must in each case be recovered in the manner pointed out by the statute. The equality between state and national banks, for which the legislature intended to provide, can be maintained in no other way than by confining the person seeking to enforce the penalty to the same remedy, whether the bank or individual banker be organized and doing business under the state law or under the Federal statute. We think, under the state as well as under the Federal law, a debtor claiming that usury has been paid cannot counterclaim the statutory penalty therefor, but his remedy under the statute of 1892, like that under the Federal law, is to bring an action for the penalties thus imposed when the action may be tried untrammeled by and disconnected from any other transactions or business between such person and the bank or individual banker. If the same rule does not apply to state banks or individual bankers as applies to national banks, then the former do not receive the equality which it was the express purpose of the State Banking Law to afford them, and which by that statute was declared to be the true intent thereof. The purpose of the requirement, that the penalty should be enforced by penal action, is obvious. It is to enable the privileged banker to recover the principal of his debt, irrespective of any considerations arising out of usurious transactions so far as the penalty imposed is concerned, and he is not to be interfered with nor prevented from enforcing his debt in an action brought for that purpose by being required to litigate the subject of his liability for a penalty. "While the plaintiff in such cases (actions for penalties), upon making out the facts, has a clear right to recover, the defendant has a right to insist that the prosecution shall be by a suit brought specially and exclusively for that purpose, where the sole issue is the guilt or innocence of the accused, without the presence of any extraneous facts which might confuse the case, and mislead the jury to the prejudice of either party." ( Barnet v. National Bank, 98 U.S. 555, 559.)
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the appellants' claim that a different rule applies, or that a distinction in this respect should be created between an action against a national bank and an action against a state bank or individual banker, cannot and ought not to be sustained in view of the clear and plain intent of the legislature as expressed in section 55 of the General Banking Law of the state.
Nor do we think the appellants are now entitled to counterclaim three hundred dollars which they allege was the amount charged by the plaintiff upon the discount of the note for three thousand dollars, which constituted the first transaction between the parties. The record discloses that the defenses or counterclaims set up in the answer are not based upon the first clause of the second paragraph of section 55, which relates to illegal interest knowingly stipulated for but not paid where only the sum loaned without interest can be recovered. But, on the contrary, the defendants plainly alleged in their answer and on the trial were awarded judgment upon the theory that they were entitled under the second clause of that paragraph to recover a penalty equal to twice the amount of interest which had actually been paid to the plaintiffs by the defendants. In other words, the counterclaim was to recover a penalty for usurious interest which had actually been paid, and not to avoid the payment of interest which had been knowingly stipulated for but not paid. Upon that theory alone the case was tried at the Trial Term and decided by the Appellate Division. As the question under consideration was not presented nor decided by the trial court or Appellate Division, it cannot be raised here for the first time. A party who has acquiesced in the trial of an action upon a certain theory will not be heard to assert for the first time on appeal that there was error in adopting the theory he assisted in establishing as the law of the case. ( Vann v. Rouse, 94 N.Y. 401; Wellington v. Morey, 90 N.Y. 656.) This appeal must be determined upon the theory which prevailed at the trial and upon which the case was decided by the Appellate Division.
The order and judgment of the Appellate Division should be affirmed and judgment absolute ordered for the plaintiff on the stipulation, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., O'BRIEN, HAIGHT, VANN and LANDON, JJ., concur; BARTLETT, J., concurs in result.
Judgment affirmed.