Summary
holding that a court acts properly in instructing the jury that testimony regarding former convictions is admitted for the purpose of attacking a defendant's credibility
Summary of this case from People v. McKeelOpinion
No. 24583
Decided January 24, 1972. Rehearing denied February 22, 1972.
Defendant was convicted of robbery with a dangerous weapon with the intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound and brought error.
Affirmed
1. ROBBERY — Armed — Threat — Shoot — Victim — Charge to Jury — Statutes. A threat by a defendant to shoot the victim is sufficient to require submission of armed robbery charge to the jury; and such threat is within both the statute which requires "intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound the person robbed, or any other person," and the statute which requires the "use of force, threats, or intimidation [and which] puts the person robbed or any other person in reasonable fear of death or bodily injury. . . ."
2. WITNESSES — Defendant — Testify — Prior Convictions — Shown — Impeach. When a defendant exercises his statutory privilege of testifying, all prior felony convictions and their nature may be shown to impeach his testimony.
3. Admit — Prior Conviction — Proof — Unnecessary. Where a defendant admits a prior conviction, it is not necessary to prove the prior conviction.
4. INSTRUCTIONS, CRIMINAL — Testimony — Former Convictions — Attack — Credibility. Where testimony as to former convictions was elicited for the purpose of attacking defendant's credibility, trial court acted properly in instructing jury as to such purpose.
5. ROBBERY — Armed — Pre-trial Photographs — Line-up Identifications — Not Suggestive — No Taint — Due Process. In prosecution for armed robbery, reviewing court is of the view that the pretrial photograph and line-up identifications were not suggestive and did not taint the in-court identification of the defendant; moreover, defendant's contention of cumulative suggestivity is also not well taken; there was no denial of due process.
6. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS — Remarks — Closing Argument — Previous Conviction — Con-wise — Mistrial — Denial — Instruction to Disregard. In armed robbery prosecution, trial court did not err in denying defendant's motion for a mistrial based upon the impropriety of district attorney's remarks in closing argument that "in considering the testimony of the defendant himself you may consider the fact that he has previously been convicted of armed robbery [and] that he is con-wise"; especially, since court immediately and subsequently instructed the jury to consider the prior conviction solely on the matter of credibility and to disregard the district attorney's remark that defendant was "con-wise."
7. ROBBERY — Armed — Cross-examination — Purchases — Cough Medicine — Drug Store — Proper. In prosecution for armed robbery, trial court did not err in allowing district attorney to cross-examine defendant on his frequent purchases of cough medicine from particular drug store, which fact was initially brought out by defendant in his cross-examination of the victim.
8. CRIMINAL EVIDENCE — Other Offenses — Not Admissible — Exception — Proof of Motive. It is a general rule that evidence of offenses other than the one for which defendant is on trial is not admissible; however, proof of motive will not be excluded merely because it may be prejudicial to the defendant, as long as it is relevant and material.
Error to the District Court of the City and County of Denver, Honorable Henry E. Santo, Judge.
Rollie R. Rogers, State Public Defender, Thomas M. Van Cleave, Deputy, for plaintiff in error.
Duke W. Dunbar, Attorney General, John P. Moore, Deputy, E. Ronald Beeks, Assistant, for defendant in error.
Charles J. Candelaria, the defendant below, was charged with robbery with a dangerous weapon with the intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound. Convicted by jury verdict and sentenced to the penitentiary, he now brings error here.
The facts show that the victim, one Oscar O. Otto, was employed as a pharmacist at the Busy Corner Drug Store. At 6:15 p.m. on January 15, 1969, he was robbed at gunpoint of a small amount of money and a quantity of narcotics. He identified Candelaria as the robber — first, by picking out a picture from approximately 800 police photographs; then, by picking out a picture of the defendant from more recent photographs; and later, by identifying Candelaria in a line-up at the Denver Police Department.
The defendant alleges the following errors:
1. That there was insufficient evidence to support the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon with the intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound. This is based upon the testimony of the victim, on cross-examination, that the defendant did not threaten physical harm, but rather that the defendant repeatedly attempted to calm him by saying, "don't be excited, relax." It is argued that the evidence merely established the fact that the defendant had a gun.
2. That the trial court erred in permitting the district attorney, upon cross-examination, to elicit from the defendant evidence of a prior felony conviction.
3. That the pre-trial photograph and line-up identifications were suggestive and thus tainted the in-court identification of the defendant and denied him due process. Even if either the suggestiveness of the photographic identification or the line-up identification taken by themselves would be insufficient to taint the in-court identification, nevertheless, the cumulative effect of both constituted a denial of due process.
4. That the district attorney in closing argument made a comment that the defendant was "con-wise." The trial court denied a timely motion for mistrial, but instructed the jury to disregard the district attorney's statement. The defendant argues that despite the instruction to disregard, the district attorney's remark was still prejudicial and that the trial court should have granted defendant's motion for a new trial.
5. That the trial court erred in allowing the district attorney to question the defendant concerning previous purchases of cough medicine at the drug store, as these questions implied that the defendant was a drug addict.
We find no error and therefore affirm.
I.
The victim, Mr. Otto, testified that the defendant "ordered me to stand where I was, not to shout or cry out, or somebody would get shot." This testimony places the instant case squared within Lucero v. People, 161 Colo. 568, 423 P.2d 577 (1967) which holds that a threat by the defendant to shoot the victim is sufficient to require submission of an aggravated robbery charge to the jury. Such a threat is within both 1967 Perm. Supp., C.R.S. 1963, 40-5-1(2)(b), which requires "intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound the person robbed, or any other person," and 40-5-1(2)(c), which requires the "use of force, threats, or intimidation and which puts the person robbed, or any other person, in reasonable fear of death or bodily injury. . . ."
2.
[2-4] When a defendant exercises his statutory privilege of testifying, all prior felony convictions and their nature may be shown to impeach his testimony. Diaz v. People, 161 Colo. 172, 420 P.2d 824 (1966); Eachus v. People, 124 Colo. 454, 238 P.2d 885 (1951); Routa v. People, 117 Colo. 564, 192 P.2d 436 (1948). Here the question was, "Mr. Candelaria, you were convicted of a felony on the fifth of March, 1963, and that was an armed robbery was it not?" Where, as here, the defendant admits the prior conviction, it is not necessary to prove the prior conviction. Diaz v. People, supra. The testimony as to former convictions was elicited for the purpose of attacking the defendant's credibility, and the court acted properly in so instructing the jury.
3.
The victim, Mr. Otto, identified the defendant on four different occasions, including an in-court identification. Prior to the in-court identification, an in camera hearing was held. At this hearing, the victim testified: that he picked out a picture of the defendant from approximately 800 other police photographs; that he was then shown more recent pictures and again picked out the defendant; and that he later viewed a line-up at the Denver Police Department and again identified the defendant. He testified that the defendant was shorter and some of his facial features were different from other persons in the line-up. It should be noted here that the defendant was represented by the public defender at the line-up and there were no objections or requests as to the line-up procedure raised at that time. The trial court ruled that there was nothing suggestive about the line-up, and that the in-court identification of the defendant was not tainted by the line-up or the photographic identification, and would be admissible. The People recite the record at considerable length to establish that the identification by Mr. Otto in this case satisfies the rule of "rebuttable presumption of fairness" as set forth in United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967). The defendant's contention of cumulative suggestivity is also not well taken. Further, it is important to note that no objections were made by defendant's counsel at the actual time of line-up.
4.
The trial court did not err in denying the defendant's motion for a mistrial based upon the impropriety of the district attorney's remarks in closing argument that "in considering the testimony of the defendant himself you may consider the fact that he has previously been convicted of armed robbery [and] that he is con-wise." Assuming, arguendo, the impropriety of the district attorney's remarks, the court immediately and subsequently instructed the jury to consider the prior conviction solely on the matter of credibility and to disregard the district attorney's remark that the defendant was "con-wise." This court must presume that the jury followed the trial court's instructions. Rosier v. People, 126 Colo. 82, 247 P.2d 448 (1952).
5.
[7,8] The trial court did not err in allowing the district attorney to cross-examine the defendant on his frequent purchases of cough medicine from the Busy Corner Drug Store, which fact was initially brought out by the defendant in his cross-examination of Mr. Otto. It is the general rule that evidence of offenses other than the one for which the defendant is on trial is not admissible. Wilkinson v. People, 170 Colo. 336, 460 P.2d 774 (1969). However, proof of motive will not be excluded merely because it may be prejudicial to the defendant, as long as it is relevant and material. Smaldone v. People, 103 Colo. 498, 88 P.2d 103 (1938). Here, both money and narcotics were taken. The narcotics taken included codeine tablets and the cough medicine the defendant had repeatedly bought contained codeine. Thus, the relevance and admissibility of such evidence becomes obvious.
The judgment is affirmed.
WILLIAM B. NAUGLE, District Judge, participating.
District Judge sitting under assignment by the Chief Justice under provisions of art. VI, sec. 5(3) of the constitution of Colorado.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE PRINGLE and MR. JUSTICE HODGES not participating.
MR. JUSTICE ERICKSON dissenting.