Summary
In Calley v. Boston & Maine Railroad Co., 93 N.H. 359, 42 A.2d 329, 330, 159 A.L.R. 115, the bridge maintained by the railroad had a nine inch wooden wheel guard.
Summary of this case from Whalen v. RuizOpinion
No. 3522.
Decided May 1, 1945.
The provisions of R. L., c. 105, ss. 2, 3, relating to highway railings erected by towns are not applicable to overhead railroad bridges constructed and maintained by the railroad. The fact that a railroad bridge was built with Federal aid and approved by Federal authorities does not relieve the railroad from liability for injuries sustained thereon as a matter of law where there was no Federal order making imperative the construction of the bridge and where the railroad was not precluded from constructing it more safely than the minimum requirements prescribed. Where actions were brought by the next friend of a minor to recover for damages sustained by the alleged negligence of the operator of a motor vehicle and the railroad, the introduction in evidence of the writ against the railroad (which action was settled) for the purpose of discrediting the minor's testimony in the trial of companion cases against the railroad was reversible error, since the alleged negligence of the railroad had no tendency to discredit the minor's testimony concerning the negligent operation of the car. Although an objection was available but not made to the introduction of testimony at a former trial, that fact does not preclude the making of an objection when that testimony is again introduced at a subsequent trial. Compliance with generally prevailing standards does not absolve a defendant from liability as a matter of law but such compliance is evidence from which due care may be inferred. A request which, by clear implication, calls for a correct statement of a rule of law should be given by the Court in some appropriate form.
ACTIONS ON THE CASE, to recover for injuries alleged to have been sustained on February 7, 1940, from the negligent construction and maintenance of a highway bridge which the defendant had erected over its tracks in the town of Andover. Second trial of three of the cases previously transferred and ordered retried by the decision in 92 N.H. 455.
Florence Calley received the bodily injury for which she seeks recovery when an automobile in which she was riding skidded over the wheel guard and through the railing of the bridge in question. The driver of the automobile was Roselle MacDonald, the daughter of the present plaintiff of that name who, as owner of the automobile, seeks to recover for damage thereto. The plaintiff Ella Calley is the mother of Florence Calley, and her action is brought to recover expenses incurred by reason of her daughter's injury.
The cases were tried together with resulting verdicts for the plaintiffs. The defendant excepted to the denial of its motions for directed verdicts and to the refusal of the Court to order a mistrial. It also excepted to the admission and exclusion of evidence, to the argument of plaintiffs' counsel to the jury, to a part of the Judge's charge, and to the denial of certain requests for instructions. Transferred by Connor, J.
Murchie Murchie (Mr. Alexander Murchie orally), for the plaintiffs.
Sulloway, Piper, Jones, Hollis Godfrey (Mr. Jones orally), for the defendant.
Defendant's counsel contend that it was the legislative intent to make applicable to overhead railroad bridges the provisions of sections 2 and 3 of chapter 105 of the Revised Laws relating to highway railings erected by towns, and that the railing on the bridge at Andover must be deemed legally sufficient, since it was approved by the State Highway Department at the time of its construction.
There is nothing in the statute itself, however, which indicates an intention to include railroads within its terms and, even if there were, there is no claim that the defendant so far complied with the provisions of the statute as to request the State Highway Department to examine and approve the railing within three years of the accident. See R. L., c. 105, s. 3.
According to the undisputed testimony, the nine-inch wooden wheel guard which ran along the base of the fence conformed in height merely to the minimum requirements of the American Association of State Highway Officials. Lewis E. Moore, a consulting engineer, testified that in his opinion the location of the bridge and the surrounding conditions required the installation of a twelve-inch curb. The plaintiffs' evidence tended to prove that the car struck the wheel guard at an angle of 40 degrees and at a speed of 15 or 20 miles an hour. Assuming this evidence to be true, Mr. Moore testified that a twelve-inch curb, even if converted into a ramp by ice and snow, would have prevented the accident, and that the nine-inch wheel guard, though free from ice or snow, would not have stopped the car.
The mere fact that the bridge was built with Federal aid and approved by Federal authorities did not relieve the defendant from liability as a matter of law. There was no Federal order making imperative the construction of the bridge, and the Federal standards, which were the same as those of the American Association of State Highway Officials, did not preclude the defendant from installing a curb that was higher than the minimum requirement. See McGettigan v. Railroad, 268 N.Y. 66, 72.
It was held on the former transfer that the question of the defendant's causal negligence was for the jury, and nothing appears in the present record which calls for a different conclusion.
It is necessary, however, that the verdicts be set aside.
Dorothy Young, who was riding in the MacDonald automobile when the accident occurred, testified at both trials. Her testimony on each occasion related to the operation of the automobile and not to the condition of the bridge. She testified that the car rounded the curve at a speed of 30 or 35 miles an hour and entered the bridge without any reduction in speed. She was a minor at the time of the accident and suits were brought by Herbert L. Young, individually and as her father and next friend, against both Roselle MacDonald and the railroad. The sum of $200 was paid by the railroad in consideration of Mr. Young's covenant not to sue (see 92 N.H. 455, 462, 463), and the jury at the first trial returned verdicts in his favor against Roselle MacDonald.
At the trial now under review, the writ in the next-friend action against the railroad was admitted in evidence, subject to the defendant's exception, on the issue of Miss Young's credibility. This was error. Miss Young was of course bound by the legal proceedings taken in her behalf (Beliveau v. Company, 68 N.H. 225, 228), but since there was no inconsistency in the claim that both the defendant and Miss MacDonald were guilty of negligence contributing to the accident, the fact that the writ in the action against the railroad alleged negligent construction of the bridge could have no legitimate tendency to discredit Miss Young's testimony concerning the negligent operation of the car. See Masterson v. Railway, 83 N.H. 225, 193.
John W. Childs, the bridge engineer for the State Highway Department, had died before the second trial and a transcript of his testimony given at the first trial was admitted in evidence. The defendant objected to a question which had been asked Mr. Childs by plaintiffs' counsel on cross-examination without objection at the first trial. This question was as follows: "Would you be surprised if the curb there [referring to a bridge at Boscawen] was fourteen inches high?" The Court ruled that the question must stand as it was, and the defendant excepted.
The inquiry was improper since it was based on the unsupported assumption that the curb on the Boscawen bridge was of the height stated. Smith v. Bailey, 91 N.H. 507, 512; Connell v. Company, ante, 244, 246.
It is the plaintiffs' contention, however, that an objection which was available but not made at the first trial cannot be urged at a later trial. While the authorities on the subject are sparse and in conflict (3 Jones, Ev., 2d ed., 2156, 2157), we incline to the view that when testimony given by a witness at a former trial is introduced, it is open to all proper objections and exceptions precisely as though it were the witness' deposition. In the case of AEtna Ins. Co. v. Koonce, 233 Ala. 265, 268, it is said: "Such testimony, when offered, is subject to the same objections going to the substance of the testimony, or the competency of the witness, as if the witness were testifying on the stand." This is the rule in New York under the provisions of the Code. Murphy v. McMahon, 167 N.Y.S. 270, 272. As to the rule applicable to depositions, see Graves v. Railroad, 84 N.H. 225, 227.
The defendant requested the Court to instruct the jurors that if they found that the fence and curb were approved by the State Highway Department, they should consider that fact in determining whether or not the railroad exercised due care in the design and construction of the bridge. This request was denied subject to the defendant's exception.
The Presiding Justice instructed the jury that nothing the State Highway Department could do or did do would in any way relieve the railroad from its obligation to build and maintain the crossing in a reasonably safe condition for public use. The defendant excepted to this instruction on the ground that it was not supplemented by the substance of the foregoing request.
The standards of the State Highway Department were those of the American Association of State Highway Officials, and it could be found that the design of the bridge as a whole was approved by the Highway Department as conformable to the Association's requirements, and that those requirements were the same in 1940, when the accident occurred, as they were in 1926, when the bridge was constructed.
It is the rule in this jurisdiction that although compliance with generally prevailing standards does not absolve a defendant from liability as a matter of law, it is evidence from which due care may be inferred. Bouley v. Company, 90 N.H. 402, 403; Howe v. Jameson, 91 N.H. 55, 57; Hood v. Nashua, 91 N.H. 98, 100. While the defendant's request did not call for a statement of this rule of law in express terms, it did so by clear implication. The rule should have been given in some appropriate form. Burke v. Railroad, 82 N.H. 350, 361. See, also, McCarthy v. Souther, 83 N.H. 29, 34.
Questions decided on the former transfer and questions not likely to arise hereafter have not been considered.
New trials.
BURQUE, J., was absent: the others concurred.