Opinion
3:20-cv-421-N-BN
09-16-2021
WARREN CALHOUN, TDCJ No. 2121308, Petitioner, v. DIRECTOR, TDCJ-CID, Respondent.
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
DAVID L. HORAN, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
“A jury convicted [Petitioner Warren Calhoun] of aggravated robbery, and assessed punishment at eighteen years imprisonment after he pled true to an enhancement paragraph.” Calhoun v. State, No. 05-17-00026-CR, 2018 WL 258981, at *1 (Tex. App. - Dallas Jan. 2, 2018, pet. ref'd), aff'g as modified State v. Calhoun, F-1654594-N (195th Jud. Dist. Ct., Dallas Cnty., Tex.). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (the CCA) refused Calhoun's petition for discretionary review. See Calhoun v. State, PD-0085-18 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 21, 2018). And the CCA denied Calhoun's state habeas petition without written order. See Ex parte Calhoun, WR-87, 967-03 (Tex. Crim. App. Jan. 15, 2020).
Calhoun now asserts, through a timely pro se application for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, that the CCA's adjudication of his prior claims was unreasonable. See Dkt. No. 3.
United States District Judge David C. Godbey referred the Section 2254 application to the undersigned United States magistrate judge for pretrial management under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and a standing order of reference. The State responded. See Dkt. No. 13. But Calhoun failed to reply, and the deadline by which to do so has expired.
The undersigned now enters these findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendation that the Court should deny federal habeas relief.
Legal Standards
“Federal habeas features an intricate procedural blend of statutory and caselaw authority.” Adekeye v. Davis, 938 F.3d 678, 682 (5th Cir. 2019). In the district court, this process begins - and often ends - with the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), under which “state prisoners face strict procedural requirements and a high standard of review.” Adekeye, 938 F.3d at 682 (citation omitted). This is because, “[u]nder AEDPA, state courts play the leading role in assessing challenges to state sentences based on federal law.” Shinn v. Kayer, 141 S.Ct. 517, 526 (2020) (per curiam).
So, where a state court has already rejected a claim on the merits, a federal court may grant habeas relief on that claim only if the state court adjudication
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
The statute therefore “restricts the power of federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus based on claims that were ‘adjudicated on the merits' by a state court, ” Shinn, 141 S.Ct. at 520 (citation omitted). And, “[w]hen a state court has applied clearly established federal law to reasonably determined facts in the process of adjudicating a claim on the merits, a federal habeas court may not disturb the state court's decision unless its error lies ‘beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.'” Id. (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)).
Further, “[u]nder § 2254(d), ” the reasonableness of the state court decision - not whether it is correct - “is ‘“the only question that matters.”'” Id. at 526 (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 102); accord Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 (2007) (“The question under AEDPA is not whether a federal court believes the state court's determination was incorrect but whether that determination was unreasonable - a substantially higher threshold.”); Sanchez v. Davis, 936 F.3d 300, 305 (5th Cir. 2019) (“[T]his is habeas, not a direct appeal, so our focus is narrowed. We ask not whether the state court denial of relief was incorrect, but whether it was unreasonable - whether its decision was ‘so lacking in justification' as to remove ‘any possibility for fairminded disagreement.'” (citation omitted)); Hughes v. Vannoy, 7 F.4th 380, 387 (5th Cir. 2021) (“‘A merely incorrect state court decision is not sufficient to constitute an unreasonable application of federal law ....' Instead, the state court decision must be ‘so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.'” (footnotes omitted)).
A state court adjudication on direct appeal is due the same deference under Section 2254(d) as an adjudication in a state post-conviction proceeding. See, e.g., Dowthitt v. Johnson, 230 F.3d 733, 756-57 (5th Cir. 2000) (a finding made by the CCA on direct appeal was an “issue ... adjudicated on the merits in state proceedings, ” to be “examine[d] ... with the deference demanded by AEDPA” under “28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)”). And nothing “in AEDPA or [the Supreme] Court's precedents permit[s] reduced deference to merits decisions of lower state courts.” Shinn, 141 S.Ct. at 524 n.2 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254).
Starting with Section 2254(d)(1), a state court decision is “contrary” to clearly established federal law if “it relies on legal rules that directly conflict with prior holdings of the Supreme Court or if it reaches a different conclusion than the Supreme Court on materially indistinguishable facts.” Busby v. Dretke, 359 F.3d 708, 713 (5th Cir. 2004); see also Lopez v. Smith, 574 U.S. 1, 2 (2014) (per curiam) (“We have emphasized, time and time again, that the [AEDPA] prohibits the federal courts of appeals from relying on their own precedent to conclude that a particular constitutional principle is ‘clearly established.'” (citation omitted)).
“A state court unreasonably applies clearly established Supreme Court precedent when it improperly identifies the governing legal principle, unreasonably extends (or refuses to extend) a legal principle to a new context, or when it gets the principle right but ‘applies it unreasonably to the facts of a particular prisoner's case.'” Will v. Lumpkin, 978 F.3d 933, 940 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407-08 (2000); citation omitted). “But the Supreme Court has only clearly established precedent if it has ‘broken sufficient legal ground to establish an asked-for constitutional principle.'” Id. (quoting Taylor, 569 U.S. at 380-82; citations omitted).
As noted above, “[f]or purposes of § 2254(d)(1), an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal law.... A state court's determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state court's decision.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 101 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “Under § 2254(d), a habeas court must determine what arguments or theories supported or ... could have supported, the state court's decision; and then it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of [the Supreme] Court.” Id. at 102 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Evans v. Davis, 875 F.3d 210, 216 (5th Cir. 2017) (recognizing that Section 2254(d) tasks courts “with considering not only the arguments and theories the state habeas court actually relied upon to reach its ultimate decision but also all the arguments and theories it could have relied upon” (citation omitted)).
The Supreme Court has further explained that “[e]valuating whether a rule application was unreasonable requires considering the rule's specificity. The more general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 101 (internal quotation marks omitted). And “even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court's contrary conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. at 102. The Supreme Court has explained that, “[i]f this standard is difficult to meet, that is because it was meant to be, ” where, “[a]s amended by AEDPA, § 2254(d) stops short of imposing a complete bar on federal court relitigation of claims already rejected in state proceedings, ” but “[i]t preserves authority to issue the writ in cases where there is no possibility fairminded jurists could disagree that the state court's decision conflicts with this Court's precedents, ” and “[i]t goes no further.” Id. Thus, “[a]s a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state prisoner must show that the state court's ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Id. at 103; accord Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 20 (2013) (“If this standard is difficult to meet - and it is - that is because it was meant to be. We will not lightly conclude that a State's criminal justice system has experienced the extreme malfunction for which federal habeas relief is the remedy.” (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted)).
As to Section 2254(d)(2)'s requirement that a petitioner show that the state court adjudication “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding, ” the Supreme Court has explained that “a state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely because the federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance” and that federal habeas relief is precluded even where the state court's factual determination is debatable. Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301, 303 (2010). Under this standard, “it is not enough to show that a state court's decision was incorrect or erroneous. Rather, a petitioner must show that the decision was objectively unreasonable, a substantially higher threshold requiring the petitioner to show that a reasonable factfinder must conclude that the state court's determination of the facts was unreasonable.” Batchelor v. Cain, 682 F.3d 400, 405 (5th Cir. 2012) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).
The Court must presume that a state court's factual determinations are correct and can find those factual findings unreasonable only where the petitioner “rebut[s] the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Gardner v. Johnson, 247 F.3d 551, 560 (5th Cir. 2001).
This presumption applies not only to explicit findings of fact but also “to those unarticulated findings which are necessary to the state court's conclusions of mixed law and fact.” Valdez v. Cockrell, 274 F.3d 941, 948 n.11 (5th Cir. 2001); see also Ford v. Davis, 910 F.3d 232, 235 (5th Cir. 2018) (Section 2254(e)(1) “‘deference extends not only to express findings of fact, but to the implicit findings of the state court.' As long as there is ‘some indication of the legal basis for the state court's denial of relief,' the district court may infer the state court's factual findings even if they were not expressly made.” (footnotes omitted)).
And, even if the state court errs in its factual findings, mere error is not enough - the state court's decision must be “based on an unreasonable factual determination.… In other words, even if the [state court] had gotten [the disputed] factual determination right, its conclusion wouldn't have changed.” Will, 978 F.3d at 942.
Further, “determining whether a state court's decision resulted from an unreasonable legal or factual conclusion does not require that there be an opinion from the state court explaining the state court's reasoning.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 98; see Pondexter v. Dretke, 346 F.3d 142, 148 (5th Cir. 2003) (“a federal habeas court is authorized by Section 2254(d) to review only a state court's ‘decision,' and not the written opinion explaining that decision” (quoting Neal v. Puckett, 286 F.3d 230, 246 (5th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (per curiam))); Evans, 875 F.3d at 216 n.4 (even where “[t]he state habeas court's analysis [is] far from thorough, ” a federal court “may not review [that] decision de novo simply because [it finds the state court's] written opinion ‘unsatisfactory'” (quoting Neal, 286 F.3d at 246)); see also Hughes, 7 F.4th at 387 (observing that a federal habeas court also “must ‘carefully consider all the reasons and evidence supporting the state court's decision”” and that a decision that “does not explain its reasoning does not affect [federal habeas] review, ” as federal courts “are required to ‘determine what arguments or theories could have supported the state court's determination' and examine ‘each ground supporting the state court decision'” (footnotes omitted)).
Section 2254 thus creates a “highly deferential standard for evaluating state court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002). And, while “AEDPA sets a high bar, ” it is “not an insurmountable one.” Hughes, 7 F.4th at 392. To surmount it, a petitioner must show that “there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 98. That is, in sum, a petitioner must “show, based on the state-court record alone, that any argument or theory the state habeas court could have relied on to deny [him] relief would have either been contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.” Evans, 875 F.3d at 217; see also Hughes, 7 F.4th at 392 (Federal courts “are obligated to correct” those “rare ‘extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice system.'” (quoting Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S.Ct. 2405, 2411 (2021) (per curiam))).
Analysis
Against this framework, Calhoun argues that his trial counsel violated his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance by failing to object to or suppress statements that Calhoun made to police before he received warnings under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
The Court reviews the merits of properly exhausted claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC), whether made against trial or appellate counsel, under the two-prong test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), under which a petitioner “‘must show that counsel's performance'” - “‘strongly presume[d to be] good enough'” - “‘was [1] objectively unreasonable and [2] prejudiced him.'” Coleman v. Vannoy, 963 F.3d 429, 432 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Howard v. Davis, 959 F.3d 168, 171 (5th Cir. 2020)).
To count as objectively unreasonable, counsel's error must be “so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; see also Buck v. Davis, 137 S.Ct. 759, 775 (2017) (reaffirming that “[i]t is only when the lawyer's errors were ‘so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed ... by the Sixth Amendment' that Strickland's first prong is satisfied” (citation omitted)). “And to establish prejudice, a defendant must show ‘that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'” Andrus v. Texas, 140 S.Ct. 1875, 1881 (2020) (per curiam) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
“A conscious and informed decision on trial tactics and strategy cannot be the basis for constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel unless it is so ill chosen that it permeates the entire trial with obvious unfairness.” Cotton v. Cockrell, 343 F.3d 746, 752-53 (5th Cir. 2003); see also Feldman v. Thaler, 695 F.3d 372, 378 (5th Cir. 2012) (“[B]ecause of the risk that hindsight bias will cloud a court's review of counsel's trial strategy, ‘a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.'” (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689)).
And, “[j]ust as there is no expectation that competent counsel will be a flawless strategist or tactician, an attorney may not be faulted for a reasonable miscalculation or lack of foresight or for failing to prepare for what appear to be remote possibilities.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 110. “The Supreme Court has admonished courts reviewing a state court's denial of habeas relief under AEDPA that they are required not simply to give [the] attorney's the benefit of the doubt, ... but to affirmatively entertain the range of possible reasons [petitioner's] counsel may have had for proceeding as they did.” Clark v. Thaler, 673 F.3d 410, 421 (5th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Therefore, on habeas review under AEDPA, “if there is any ‘reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland's deferential standard,' the state court's denial must be upheld.” Rhoades v. Davis, 852 F.3d 422, 432 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 105); see also Sanchez, 936 F.3d at 305 (“As the State rightly puts it, we defer ‘both to trial counsel's reasoned performance and then again to the state habeas court's assessment of that performance.'” (quoting Rhoades, 852 F.3d at 434)).
To demonstrate prejudice, a habeas petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Thus, “the question is not whether a court can be certain counsel's performance had no effect on the outcome or whether it is possible a reasonable doubt might have been established if counsel acted differently.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 111. “Instead, Strickland asks whether it is ‘reasonably likely' the result would have been different, ” which “does not require a showing that counsel's actions ‘more likely than not altered the outcome,' but the difference between Strickland's prejudice standard and a more-probable-than-not standard is slight and matters ‘only in the rarest case.” Id. at 111-12 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, 696, 697). “The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 112.
Specific to appellate counsel, the Supreme Court “has indicated that although ‘it is still possible to bring a Strickland claim based on counsel's failure to raise a particular claim, ... it is difficult to demonstrate that counsel was incompetent.'” Diaz v. Quarterman, 228 Fed.Appx. 417, 427 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (quoting Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000)). And, “[g]enerally, only when ignored issues are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of effective assistance of counsel be overcome.” Smith, 528 U.S. at 288 (quoting Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir. 1986); internal quotation marks omitted); see also Varga v. Quarterman, 321 Fed.Appx. 390, 396 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (“In Gray, the Seventh Circuit further held that if appellate counsel ‘failed to raise a significant and obvious issue, the failure could be viewed as deficient performance' and that if the issue that was not raised ‘may have resulted in a reversal of the conviction, or an order for a new trial, the failure was prejudicial.'” (quoting Gray, 800 F.2d at 646)).
IAC claims are considered mixed questions of law and fact and are therefore analyzed under the “unreasonable application” standard of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). See Gregory v. Thaler, 601 F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2010); Adekeye, 938 F.3d at 682.
Where the state court has adjudicated claims of ineffective assistance on the merits, this Court must review a habeas petitioner's claims under the “doubly deferential” standards of both Strickland and Section 2254(d). Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190, 202 (2011); compare Rhoades, 852 F.3d at 434 (“Our federal habeas review of a state court's denial of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim is ‘doubly deferential' because we take a highly deferential look at counsel's performance through the deferential lens of § 2254(d).” (citation omitted)), with Johnson v. Sec'y, DOC, 643 F.3d 907, 910-11 (11th Cir. 2011) (“Double deference is doubly difficult for a petitioner to overcome, and it will be a rare case in which an ineffective assistance of counsel claim that was denied on the merits in state court is found to merit relief in a federal habeas proceeding.”); see also Canfield v. Lumpkin, 998 F.3d 242, 246 (5th Cir. 2021) (“Strickland … imposes a high bar on those alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. But 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) … raises the bar even higher.”); cf. Shinn, 141 S.Ct. at 525 (“recogniz[ing] the special importance of the AEDPA framework in cases involving Strickland claims, ” since “[i]neffective-assistance claims can function ‘as a way to escape rules of waiver and forfeiture,' and they can drag federal courts into resolving questions of state law” (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 105)).
In such cases, the “pivotal question” for this Court is not “whether defense counsel's performance fell below Strickland's standard”; it is “whether the state court's application of the Strickland standard was unreasonable.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 101; see also Id. at 105 (“Establishing that a state court's application of Strickland was unreasonable under § 2254(d) is all the more difficult. The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both ‘highly deferential,' and when the two apply in tandem, review is ‘doubly' so.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). “And, because the Strickland standard is a general standard, a state court has even more latitude to reasonably determine that a defendant has not satisfied that standard.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009) (citation omitted).
In sum, AEDPA does not permit a de novo review of state counsel's conduct in these claims under Strickland. See Richter, 562 U.S. at 101-02. Instead, on federal habeas review of a Strickland claim fully adjudicated in state court, the state court's determination is granted “a deference and latitude that are not in operation when the case involves review under the Strickland standard itself.” Id. at 101; see Canfield, 998 F.3d at 246-47 (Federal courts “review state-court adjudications for errors ‘so obviously wrong' as to lie ‘beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement, '” presuming the state court “findings of fact to be correct.” (footnotes omitted)).
See also Woods v. Etherton, 136 S.Ct. 1149, 1151 (2016) (per curiam) (explaining that federal habeas review of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims is “doubly deferential” “because counsel is ‘strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment'”; therefore, “federal courts are to afford ‘both the state court and the defense attorney the benefit of the doubt'” (quoting Burt, 571 U.S. at 22, 15)); Adekeye, 938 F.3d at 683-84 (“The Supreme Court standard on prejudice is sharply defined: ‘It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.' [A petitioner] must show it was ‘reasonably likely' the jury would have reached a different result, not merely that it could have reached a different result. The Court reaffirmed this point in Richter: ‘The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.' Now layer on top of that the habeas lens of reasonableness. [Where] the state court ha already adjudicated [a petitioner's] ineffective-assistance claim on the merits, he must show that the court's no-prejudice decision is ‘not only incorrect but “objectively unreasonable.”' Put differently, [he] must show that every reasonable jurist would conclude that it is reasonable likely that [a petitioner] would have fared better at trial had his counsel conducted [himself differently]. ‘It bears repeating,' the Supreme Court emphasized in Richter, ‘that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court's contrary conclusion was unreasonable.'” (footnotes omitted)).
Calhoun raised his current claim in the state habeas proceeding. The state court appointed him counsel, held a hearing, and issued detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law recommending that Calhoun's habeas petition be denied. See Dkt. No. 14-65.
That court first set out this background:
Applicant was appointed an attorney, Juanita Edgecomb, to represent him. On February 14, 2019, a hearing was held. At the hearing, the Applicant waived his complaint regarding his right to allocution. The trial attorney, Gabriel Oguerri, was called to testify. Oguerri testified that the police, having been informed of an aggravated robbery and given information the suspect's vehicle, followed Applicant's car. Writ RR:34. Oguerri testified that as the police approached Applicant's vehicle, the Applicant ran. The police pursued Applicant and detained him. Writ RR: 10. The Applicant volunteered that the car belonged to his girlfriend and she did not know he was going to commit a robbery. Writ RR: 11. The police asked Applicant where his gun was. Writ RR:12. Oguerri testified that he did not object to the spontaneous admissions made by the Applicant because, except for the statement regarding the gun, the rest of the admissions were volunteered. Writ RR:l7. Specifically, the officer asked Applicant why he ran, to which the Applicant responded, “I didn't mean to rob him, I took my girlfriend's car.” Writ RR:36. Oguerri testified that the police, who had been informed that a gun had been used in the robbery, patted down Applicant and asked him where the gun was. Writ RR:37-38. After these statements were made, Applicant was given his Miranda warnings. Writ RR:20.Id. at 4.
The state court then made these findings and conclusions:
1. The Court takes judicial notice of the entire contents of the Court's file in Cause No. F16-54594-N including the reporter's record of the writ hearing.
2. The Court takes judicial notice of the reporter's record of the underlying trial.
3. The Court takes judicial notice of the clerk's record of the underlying trial.
4. In any post-conviction collateral attack, the burden of proof is on the applicant to allege and prove facts which, if true, entitle him to relief. See Ex parte Maldonado, 688 S.W.2d 114, 116 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). The standard of proof is by a preponderance of the evidence. See Ex Parte Adams, 768 S.W.2d 281, 287-88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
5. The review conducted of defense counsel's representation is “highly deferential and presumes that counsel's actions fell within a wide range of reasonable assistance.” Mallet v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).
6. It is Applicant's burden to overcome the presumption of reasonable assistance by proving his ineffective assistance of counsel claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Moore v. State, 694 S.W.2d 528, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (en banc).
7. Thus, in order to prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Applicant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) his trial attorney engaged in acts or omissions that were not the result of reasonable professional judgment, and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the trial would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689-697(1984); Hernandez v. State, 725 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
8. The police responded to an aggravated robbery call. They pursued Applicant as a possible suspect. Applicant abandoned his vehicle. After a foot chase, Applicant was taken to the ground. While on the ground, he was asked why he was running and where the gun was. In response, Applicant said, “I did not mean to rob him.” He then gave the officer directions to the gun.
9. The first statement was not in response to questioning; rather, it was a spontaneous and volunteered declaration by the defendant. The Fifth Amendment does not bar the admission of volunteered statements. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, at 478. No. basis for relief exists.
10. The second statement, prompted by the question “where is the gun, ” clearly falls within the “public safety” exception to Miranda, and clearly falls within the purview of New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, (1984).
11. Trial counsel testified that he discussed the statements with Applicant prior to trial and advised him that the statements could be used to his advantage in mitigation of punishment.
12. The defense was that Applicant did not use a deadly weapon, but did commit the robbery offense. Applicant did not dispute that this trial strategy was discussed.
13. For that same reason, trial counsel did not pursue a motion to suppress the statements.
14. Strategic decisions of trial counsel are accorded great deference. Therefore, counsel is was not ineffective for failing to contest the admissibility of the statements.
15. In any event, the statements, even if inadmissible, were not sufficiently prejudicial to merit relief. In fact, with the strategy pursued, Applicant received only a seventeen year sentence.
16. Because each of the statements were admissible, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to conduct a motion to suppress the statements.
17. With Applicant's consent, the second ground for relief - denial
of the right to allocate -j was withdrawn.
18. This Court thus finds that Applicant is lawfully restrained and confined.Id. at 5-8.
While the CCA did not explicitly adopt these findings and conclusions, they demonstrate that the state court gave serious consideration to the contentions that Calhoun now makes under Section 2254, and they show, moreover, that the CCA's denial of the IAC allegations that Calhoun now makes to this Court was neither “an unreasonable application of Strickland [nor] an unreasonable determination of the evidence.” Garza v. Stephens, 738 F.3d 669, 680 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2)); see, e.g., Rhodes, 852 F.3d at 432, 434; Sanchez, 936 F.3d at 305; see also Feldman, 695 F.3d at 378; Cotton, 343 F.3d at 752-53.
Recommendation
The Court should deny the application for a writ of habeas corpus.
A copy of these findings, conclusions, and recommendation shall be served on all parties in the manner provided by law. Any party who objects to any part of these findings, conclusions, and recommendation must file specific written objections within 14 days after being served with a copy. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b). In order to be specific, an objection must identify the specific finding or recommendation to which objection is made, state the basis for the objection, and specify the place in the magistrate judge's findings, conclusions, and recommendation where the disputed determination is found. An objection that merely incorporates by reference or refers to the briefing before the magistrate judge is not specific. Failure to file specific written objections will bar the aggrieved party from appealing the factual findings and legal conclusions of the magistrate judge that are accepted or adopted by the district court, except upon grounds of plain error. See Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1417 (5th Cir. 1996).