Summary
explaining that the power to recall the jury is “one of the general supervisory powers of the court”
Summary of this case from State v. AdamsOpinion
No. 3188.
Decided September 3, 1940.
A juror's affidavit is admissible in exculpation of alleged improper conduct and to sustain a verdict; but is wholly incompetent to impeach it.
Nor can evidence of the declarations of a juror be received for the purpose of impeaching the verdict.
For the purpose of ascertaining whether the case has been properly tried the trial court may inquire of the jury touching their verdict and the grounds upon which they proceeded.
Whether the trial court's power shall be thus exercised in any particular case presents an issue of fact which is reviewable only for abuse of discretion.
Whether the trial court has properly refused to exercise this power is not dependent upon the introduction before it of legally competent evidence of misconduct, but upon whether the suggestion of it was so persuasive that the court abused its discretion in refusing to interrogate.
No abuse of discretion appeared where the evidence presented to the court showed that a juror had visited the scene of an accident, and made measurements which corroborated a witness; nor where another juror was given unsolicited information out of court by a friend as to a fact in issue.
In such proceeding the issue is whether the jurors' misconduct produced the verdict and not whether they misbehaved during the trial.
Neither party has the right to bring the jurors before the trial judge to have them orally examined.
No provision of P. L., c. 339, s. 25 was disregarded where the jury had been told to cease deliberation before midnight and did not again deliberate until eight hours later, though some of them did not use the accommodations afforded them but chose to indulge in noisy play rather than to sleep.
The question whether the jury were "afforded suitable opportunity for sleep and rest" is one of fact.
A general denial of a motion to set aside the verdict on the ground that the jury were prevented from obtaining a restful night's sleep, implies the finding that the accommodations afforded by the county complied with the statutory requirements.
A general finding of fact includes a finding of all the special facts necessary to sustain it.
TWO ACTIONS ON THE CASE, for negligence. The first is to recover for personal injuries, the second for property damage. A trial by jury, in which the actions were consolidated, resulted in verdicts for both plaintiffs. The jury had a view.
The plaintiff Thomas is the son of the plaintiff Bernard. Thomas, while driving his father's horses and vehicle along a public highway, was run into from behind by an automobile owned by the defendant Georgie and operated by her servant, the defendant Alfred, who was then acting within the scope of his employment. On the day of the accident, December 14, 1938, Thomas had been yarding logs with his father's team on a farm about two miles away from their home. There was evidence that on that day Thomas left the skidway with the horses to drive home at some time between 4:05 and 4:10 P.M., and that the accident occurred, according to the uncontradicted testimony of the plaintiff's engineer, at a point 1.85 miles from the skidway. Important issues in the cases were (1) the distance a pair of horses and the vehicle to which they were attached could be seen at or near the place of the accident at night by the driver of an automobile with standard headlights turned on full on low beam, as the defendant Alfred said he was driving when the collision occurred, and (2) whether or not at that time it was daylight or dark. It is agreed that sunset occurred at the time and place of the accident at 4:16 P. M. and the plaintiffs admit that there was no light upon their vehicle when it was run into.
In the transferred case it appears that "The case[s] was [were] submitted to the jury about 7 P. M. on March 25, 1940. The sheriff was notified by the court at 11:35 P. M. that at 11:45 P. M. the jurors were to cease their deliberations and at 12:10 A.M. the court was notified by the sheriff that the jurors had retired for the night and were comfortable. The jurors were taken to breakfast between 7:00 and 7:30 A.M. and resumed their deliberations about 8:15 A.M. and returned the verdicts at about 9 A.M."
On March 29, 1940, the defendants filed identical motions to have the jury recalled and interrogated and to have the verdicts set aside. In support of these motions counsel for the defendants filed their own affidavits in which they recounted in summarized form the results of conversations had by them with the members of the jury after the latter had been discharged and had separated. These motions came on for hearing by the court on April 10, 1940, at which time defendants' counsel took the stand and, over the objection and subject to the exception of counsel for the plaintiffs, testified as to what the jurors had said with respect to their conduct during the trial. From this testimony and the affidavits it appears that one juror, who had occasion during the trial to travel on personal business over the highway where the accident occurred, measured with the speedometer of his car the distance from the skidway to the scene of the accident and reported to two of his fellow jurors his finding that the measurement made by him coincided with that of the plaintiffs' engineer; that this same juror also observed the visibility afforded by the headlights of his car at the scene of the accident and reported his observation to at least one of his fellows on the panel; that another juror reported to the jury that during the trial he had met a friend on the street, not a witness, who told the juror that he had passed the Caldwell vehicle shortly before the accident and that it was then daylight and the vehicle clearly visible and that this statement was discussed by the jury during its deliberations; and finally that the rooms provided in the courthouse for the accommodation of the jury overnight were cold and dirty, and that uncomfortable beds and insufficient blankets were provided, so that due to these discomforts and the skylarking and horseplay of some of the jurors, all were prevented from obtaining a restful night's sleep.
On April 18, 1940, the defendants' motions were denied and they excepted. These exceptions were transferred by Connor, J., in advance of the transfer of the defendants' other exceptions and they are the only ones now before us.
Such additional facts as are material are stated in the opinion.
Walter H. Gentsch and Robert W. Upton (Mr. Upton orally), for the plaintiffs.
Faulkner Bell and Gardner C. Turner (Mr. Turner orally), for the defendants.
As early as 1827 Chief Justice Richardson speaking for this court announced it was well settled as a rule of policy in this state that "jurors are not to be received to testify to the motives and inducements on which they may have joined in a verdict . . . . Nor can the affidavits of all the jurors be received to correct a mistake in the verdict." Tyler v. Stevens, 4 N.H. 116, 117. Six years later in the case of State v. Hascall, 6 N.H. 352, 361, an exception (see Hearn v. Railroad, 67 N.H. 320, 323), to this general rule was formulated which permitted the use of affidavits of jurors to sustain a verdict after it had been attacked by competent evidence of misconduct on the part of one or more members of the jury. So, in 1843 in the case of Tenney v. Evans, 13 N.H. 462, 464, this court, referring to the two earlier New Hampshire cases cited above, said that the affidavits of jurors "could not be received to show that they misapprehended the instructions of the court, nor, where there is evidence of improper conduct by the jury or the prosecutor relating to the trial, to prove in general terms that their verdict was founded upon nothing but the law and the evidence." The court then added, citing cases from other jurisdictions as authority, "Nor to impeach the verdict, or prove a mistake, or any improper conduct by themselves." The opinion then proceeds in the following language. "But where evidence has been introduced aliunde to impeach the verdict, by showing improper conduct of the jury, or attempts upon them by a party, the affidavits of jurors have been received in exculpation of themselves, and in support of the verdict. And for this there are substantial reasons. The motives and characters of jurors, who are bound by their oaths and consciences to a strict impartiality, and who perform so important a part in our jurisprudence, should not be assailed without giving them an opportunity for defence. `To exclude the testimony of jurors,' as was said by Parker, C. J. in the State v. Hascall, 6 N.H. 361, `in all questions affecting their verdict, would neither be just to the parties nor to the jury.'" Later, in the case of Leighton v. Sargent, 31 N.H. 119, 137, the rule was succinctly stated by the court in the following language: "It is now fully settled, in this State, that the affidavit of a juror is admissible in exculpation of himself, and to sustain a verdict, but when it relates to what took place after the jury had retired, is wholly incompetent to impeach it." In addition to the cases already noted, this rule has been applied many times and the policy upon which it rests frequently re-examined since 1827, but neither it nor its basic policy appears ever to have been questioned. State v. Howard, 17 N.H. 171, 186; State v. Ayer, 23 N.H. 301, 320, Folsom v. Brawn, 25 N.H. 114, 123; Goodwin v. Milton, 25 N.H. 458, 472; Walker v. Kennison, 34 N.H. 257, 260; Petition of Groton, 43 N.H. 91, 94; Smith v. Smith, 50 N.H. 212, 219; Knight v. Epsom, 62 N.H. 356; Clark v. Manchester, 64 N.H. 471; Palmer v. State, 65 N.H. 221; Mason v. Knox, 66 N.H. 545; Maxfield v. Pittsfield, 67 N.H. 104; Hearn v. Railroad, 67 N.H. 320; Goodwin v. Blanchard, 73 N.H. 550; Winslow v. Smith, 74 N.H. 65, 70; Boston Maine Railroad v. State, 76 N.H. 86, 91; Blodgett v. Park, 76 N.H. 435. From these authorities, and since it is obvious that "If the testimony of a juror is not admissible to impeach the verdict, evidence of his declarations cannot be received for that purpose," (Palmer v. State, 65 N.H. 221, 222; see also State v. Ayer, 23 N.H. 301), it follows that the defendants' motions, in so far as they request the setting aside of the verdicts for improper conduct of the jurors, were quite properly denied for lack of any competent supporting evidence.
A different question is presented by the motions in so far as they request that the jury be recalled and interrogated concerning their conduct while considering the case. "If the affidavits offered by the plaintiff, [the affidavits under consideration in the case from which this quotation is taken were those of a juror and of one to whom the juror had confided], . . . to sustain his motion were not competent testimony, as it seems they were not, . . . it appears . . . that the law furnished other adequate means for ascertaining whether the question submitted to the jury was misconstrued by them and whether their verdict was rendered erroneous thereby. The court could have called the jury together and inquired of them how they construed the question." Winslow v. Smith, 74 N.H. 65, 70.
This rule appears to have been first announced in this state in 1842 in the following language: "We are not disposed to doubt that the court may inquire of the jury touching their verdict and the grounds upon which they proceeded, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the case has been properly tried." Walker v. Sawyer, 13 N.H. 191. It has since been frequently reaffirmed. Smith v. Powers, 15 N.H. 546, 563; Clough v. Clough, 26 N.H. 24, 32; Dearborn v. Newhall, 63 N.H. 301; Norris v. Haverhill, 65 N.H. 89; Jenness v. Jones, 68 N.H. 475; Goodwin v. Blanchard, 73 N.H. 550; Winslow v. Smith, 74 N.H. 65; Curtis v. Car Works, 74 N.H. 600; State v. Frazier, 74 N.H. 112; Whiting v. Sussman, 78 N.H. 486; Tierney v. Granite Works, 79 N.H. 166; Zebnik v. Rozmus, 81 N.H. 45.
The foregoing authorities establish that neither party has "the legal right to bring the jurors . . . before the trial judge and have them orally examined," (Goodwin v. Blanchard, 73 N.H. 550), but that whether or not in any particular case of alleged misconduct on their part they shall be brought in for such examination presents an issue of fact for the court below (Dearborn v. Newhall, 63 N.H. 301), which, like other similar issues, is reviewable here only for abuse of discretion. Clark v. Manchester, 64 N.H. 471; Curtis v. Car Works 74 N.H. 600. And, under familiar principles, when a general finding has been made by the court below with respect to such an issue, as was done in the case at bar, that finding "includes a finding of all the special facts necessary to sustain it." Welch Company v. State, 89 N.H. 428, 439, and cases cited. The above authorities also establish that the exercise of this power to recall and interrogate the jury does not depend upon the introduction before the court of legally competent evidence of their misconduct. See particularly Blodgett v. Park, 76 N.H. 435. This power to recall and interrogate is one of the general supervisory powers of the court over the product of the jury which may be exercised by the court, if justice requires, (Curtis v. Car Works, 74 N.H. 600), whenever he is of the opinion that the jury may have made some mistake or been guilty of some improper conduct which produced their verdict. The question before us, then, on this part of the defendant's motions, is not whether the evidence in support thereof is legally admissible, but whether the suggestions of the jury's misconduct made to the court below by counsel for the defendants are so persuasive that the court abused his discretionary power when he declined to sift the matter further by recalling the jurors and subjecting them to oral examination.
The unofficial visit of one, or even of all, of the jurors to the scene of the event on trial before them is not misconduct of such a nature as to require an order for a new trial as a matter of law even in a capital case (Palmer v. State, 65 N.H. 221), and the fact that in the case at bar the juror who visited the scene corroborated by measurement a distance testified to by one of the plaintiffs' witnesses is of trifling importance. This juror's measurement of distance introduced no new evidence into the case and it related to a matter not in dispute between the parties. The argument that since it corroborated a witness for the plaintiff, even upon a matter not disputed, it prejudiced the defendant because of its tendency to enhance the value of the other testimony of this witness as to matters which were in dispute is too tenuous to call for discussion.
The evidence presented to the court that this juror also made experiments with the headlights of his car at the scene of the accident is far from conclusive. Counsel for the defendants with commendable candor admit that he denied having done any such thing, but say only that he said he must have done so if another juror, (the only one found who would say that he heard anything about such an experiment), said that he had reported thereon.
The fact that during the trial another juror was given unsolicited information out of court by a friend as to an issue in dispute between the parties does not constitute misconduct sufficient to warrant an order for a new trial as a matter of law. State v. Ayer, 23 N.H. 301; Maxfield v. Pittsfield, 67 N.H. 104.
Furthermore "The matter in issue in a proceeding of this kind is whether the juror's misconduct produced the verdict, and not whether he misbehaved during the trial," (Blodgett v. Park, 76 N.H. 435, 438), and it does not appear that anything was shown to the court below to indicate that the alleged instances of misbehavior on the part of certain of the jurors produced their unanimous verdicts.
From this lack of indication of any effect of the individual acts of misconduct upon the jury as a whole; from the fact that none of the alleged instances of misconduct on the part of any of the jurors are sufficient to warrant an order for a new trial as a matter of law; from the conflicting reports given by the jurors to counsel for the defendant and by the latter reported to the court; and from the likelihood that the jurors when interviewed informally after they had been discharged and had separated may have made ill-considered statements to counsel, we are of the opinion, in view of the policy of the law to discourage any discussion of cases by defeated counsel with jurors after trial, that the court below can not be found to have abused his discretion when he denied the defendants' motions to have the jury recalled and interrogated. In our opinion a contrary holding would constitute a serious encroachment by this court upon the discretionary powers of the trial court which would seriously hamper the latter in its administration of justice.
There only remains to be considered the defendants' allegation that the provisions of Public Laws chapter 339, section 25, had not been complied with. This statute reads as follows: "Jurors shall not be required to continue their deliberations without sleep and rest later than twelve o'clock in the evening. At that hour, or earlier, under such safeguards and conditions as the court may direct, they shall be afforded suitable opportunity for sleep and rest, at the expense of the county, for at least eight hours before again taking up their deliberations." It appears that the jury were told to cease their deliberations before midnight and that they did not again take up their consideration of the cases until more than eight hours later, and it appears that they knew that sleeping accommodations were provided for their use and available to them. These facts distinguish the case at bar from the case of Kellogg v. Eastman, 86 N.H. 37, upon which the defendants rely. No violation of the provisions of the above statute is indicated by showing that the jurors, or some of them, chose not to use the accommodations provided but instead to engage in noisy play. It is no part of the function of the court or sheriff to supervise the slumber of jurors when detained over-night by their duties. The only question presented is whether or not they were "afforded suitable opportunity for sleep and rest," and this is one of fact for the court below. Full opportunity to investigate this question is readily available to that court. What investigation he may have made in the case at bar does not appear, but from his general order denying the defendants' motions we assume that he made inquiry and examination and from it concluded that the accommodations afforded by the county complied with the statutory requirements.
Exceptions overruled.
ALLEN, C. J., dissented: the others concurred.