Opinion
No. 14-02-00484-CV.
Memorandum Opinion filed April 3, 2003.
Appeal from 215th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 00-14582.
Affirmed.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Compass Bank filed suit on a promissory note by C D Brokerage Company that was guaranteed by Cynthia Vetrano and David Gilmer. The latter three appeal from summary judgments in favor of the Bank and against them on their counterclaims. In their forty-page brief, appellants give us little more than generalities as to where and how the trial court erred, or where in the 3,000-page record their claims are supported. Because all dispositive issues are clearly settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion affirming the trial court. See Tex.R.App.P. 47.1.
I. Bill of Exception
The parties are well acquainted with the factual and procedural background of this case, so we will not recount it here. In their first issue, appellants contend the trial court erred in refusing to permit them to make a formal bill of exception or to have a court reporter record a proceeding in which the trial court continued a trial setting. Although appellants do not explain precisely what they wished to include in the bill, they apparently wanted a record that could be used in a motion to recuse the trial judge.
Generally, court reporters must attend court sessions and make a full record of the proceedings unless excused by agreement of the parties. Tex.R.App.P. 13.1. Even assuming appellants had a right to make a record of this pretrial conference, they have failed to preserve error by following the procedures required to show what it would have contained. See Tex.R.App.P. 33.2. Thus, there is nothing in the record for us to review. See Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 903 S.W.2d 70, 80 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1995) (holding errors complained of in bill were not preserved for review because appellant did not follow proper procedures), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 937 S.W.2d 444 (Tex. 1997). We find no error in the trial court's alleged refusal to permit a bill of exception, and overrule appellants' first issue.
Appellants did not file an actual bill of exception or file a "bystander" bill with the requisite affidavits. Nothing in Rule 33.2 requires the trial court to provide the services of a court reporter for the party to use in making its bill. Indeed, given that formal bills of exception are applicable only when a matter would not otherwise appear in the record, the use of a court reporter to record proceedings would negate the need for a bill of exception . See Tex.R.App.P. 33.2. Because there is no clear indication in the record or in appellants' brief as to what would have been included in the bill, we make no conclusions whether such a bill would have been appropriate. Appellants may have intended to request permission to make an offer of proof, or what used to be known as an "informal bill of exception." See Tex.R.Civ.P. 103(a)(2). Offers of proof, however, are only necessary when the trial court has excluded evidence. Id. Appellants do not contend that their request to make a bill of exception involved any evidence excluded by the trial court.
II. Recusal
In their second issue, appellants contend the trial judge should have been recused for bias favoring the Bank and its counsel and antagonism toward appellants. Appellants' motion to recuse was heard and denied by Regional Presiding Judge Olen Underwood. We review the denial of a motion to recuse for abuse of discretion. Tex.R.Civ.P. 18a(f); Vickery v. Vickery, 999 S.W.2d 342, 349 (Tex. 1999).
Appellants sole contention is that the trial judge's pretrial rulings indicated bias. In Ludlow v. DeBerry, this Court held that "judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a recusal motion because they cannot possibly show reliance upon an extrajudicial source and can rarely evidence the degree of favoritism or antagonism required when no extrajudicial source is involved." 959 S.W.2d 265, 271 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994)). The proper remedy, if a party believes a ruling to be erroneous, is to assign error on the basis of the rulings, not bring a motion to recuse. In re M.C.M., 57 S.W.3d 27, 33 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied); Grider v. Boston Co., 773 S.W.2d 338, 346 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1989, writ denied).
Except for the summary judgment rulings affirmed below, appellants do not assign any error to the trial court's pretrial rulings. Instead, they complain the trial judge stated he does not like to be reversed; taken at its worst, this might indicate antipathy toward appellate courts, but not appellants. Appellants also assert the trial judge did not read all their filings; again, assuming this pure speculation were true, we can hardly blame the trial judge given the prolixity and difficulty in coming to the point demonstrated by appellants' counsel both below and on appeal. Moreover, assumptions and counsel's subjective feelings do not constitute grounds for recusal. Cf. Sommers v. Concepcion, 20 S.W.3d 27, 42 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). Thus, the motion to recuse was properly denied, and we overrule appellants' second issue.
III. The Summary Judgments
A. Affidavits
In a third multifarious issue, appellants make four arguments regarding the trial court's summary judgments. In their first subissue, appellants contend the trial court erred in striking portions of their responsive affidavits by fact witnesses Vetrano and Gilmer, and by expert witness Edmund Pankau. Except as to timeliness, the trial court sustained the Bank's objections to the affidavits. We review a trial court's determinations regarding summary judgment proof under an abuse of discretion standard. Higginbotham v. Allwaste, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 411, 417-18 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied).
Although appellants' third issue is multifarious, to the extent we can ascertain the alleged errors with reasonable certainty, we will address the substance of appellants' subissues. See Zeolla v. Zeolla, 15 S.W.3d 239, 243 n. 2 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).
On appeal, appellants assert several general arguments regarding the Bank's objections. First, appellants contend the objections do not state any legal basis for striking the testimony. To the contrary, the Bank's objections clearly specified such bases ( e.g., legal conclusion, speculation, irrelevance). Second, appellants contend the stricken testimony included conclusions or opinions of the fact witnesses permissible under Texas law. See Tex.R.Evid. 701. But the Bank's objections were, for the most part, that the testimony stated legal conclusions; Rule 701 does not allow fact witnesses to testify as to those. See United Way of San Antonio, Inc. v. Helping Hands Lifeline Found., 949 S.W.2d 707, 713 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1997, writ denied) (holding lay witness may not give legal conclusion); see also Ramirez v. Transcon. Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 818, 829 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (holding that portion of affidavit stating a legal conclusion was incompetent summary judgment proof). Because appellants do not attack the Bank's legal conclusion objection, we may affirm on that basis alone. See Larson v. Family Violence Sexual Assault Prevention Ctr. of S. Tex., 64 S.W.3d 506, 513-14 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied) (holding there was no showing of error when trial court could have sustained other objections not raised on appeal).
Finally, appellants contend that the stricken testimony of their expert was admissible under Rule 702 because it was uncontroverted, and because he could testify regarding "ultimate issues." Tex.R.Evid. 702, 704. While uncontroverted affidavits or expert opinions on ultimate issues may be considered in summary judgments, see Tex.R.Civ.P. 166a(c), that does not necessarily make all of them admissible. Here, the Bank objected to portions of Pankau's testimony as improper legal conclusions or conclusory statements with insufficient basis. For example, Pankau concluded the Bank owed appellants a fiduciary duty, even though this is (1) wrong, see Fleming v. Texas Coastal Bank of Pasadena, 67 S.W.3d 459, 461 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied), and (2) not a matter for expert opinion, see Nat'l Convenience Stores Inc. v. Matherne, 987 S.W.2d 145, 149 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Similarly, his opinion that there was evidence of fraud was based on unspecified testimony about the Bank's Cash Flow Manager Program that, based on more unspecified testimony, was not well run. An expert's mere legal conclusions or conclusory statements are not competent summary judgment proof. See Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464, 466 (Tex. 1997); Hightower v. Saxton, 54 S.W.3d 380, 389-90 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.).
Appellants do not suggest in their brief how any particular statements from these affidavits were admissible over the Bank's objections. The affidavits number almost fifty pages, not including numerous attachments; clearly they contained much objectionable matter that was properly excluded. Without some indication from appellants as to what parts were improperly excluded, we need not address everything in them. See Deutsch v. Hoover, Bax Slovacek, L.L.P, No. 14-00-01459-CV, slip op. at 2002 WL 31662403 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet. h.); Houghton v. Port Terminal R.R. Ass'n, 999 S.W.2d 39, 51 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking portions of appellants' affidavits, and this subissue is overruled.
B. Counterclaims
Appellants contend the trial court erred in striking their fifth amended counterclaim, thus eliminating their demand for an accounting. But see Hutchings v. Chevron U.S.A. , Inc., 862 S.W.2d 752, 762 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1993, writ denied) (equitable accounting is proper only when normal discovery procedures are inadequate). As to the sixth amended counterclaim, appellants merely assert the court erroneously struck it.
Appellants' reasoning on this issue is again difficult to discern. As each counterclaim was filed after the pleadings cutoff in the trial court's docket control order, the obvious reason (late filing) is barely mentioned. Although they note the trial court continued the trial setting, they have not shown by citation to authority that resetting voids the docket control deadlines. In fact, appellants cite no authority on this subissue and provide only general cites to the record. Thus, we overrule this subissue as it is not adequately briefed. See Tex.R.App.P. 38.1 (stating brief must contain clear and concise argument with appropriate citations to authorities and the record); Smith v. Comm'n for Lawyer Discipline, 42 S.W.3d 362, 363-64 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (overruling issue based on appellant's failure to provide argument or authority in support of contention).
C. Summary Judgments
Appellants next raise three reasons why the trial court erred in granting the summary judgments. We address each in turn, applying the normal standards of review. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 166a; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. 2002) (no-evidence standard); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985) (traditional standard).
1. Authentication
Appellants generally argue that the Bank's witnesses were not personally involved in drafting or signing any of the documents attached, and thus could not authenticate them. See Tex.R.Evid. 803(6). But a custodian of records may testify about what they reflect even if they were created by others, or before the custodian became an employee. See, e.g., Houston Shell Concrete Co. v. Kingsley Constructors, Inc., 987 S.W.2d 184, 186 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).
More importantly, appellants do not point to, nor can we find, any place in the record where they obtained a ruling on these objections. Failure to obtain a ruling on an objection as to the form of affidavit testimony waives the objection. Hou-Tex, Inc. v. Landmark Graphics, 26 S.W.3d 103, 112 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (finding party waived hearsay and foundation objections). Accordingly, appellants failed to preserve their objections by obtaining a ruling in the trial court.
2. Alteration of Agreement
Appellants next argue that an alteration to the Merchant Services Agreement between C D and the Bank prevents the use of that document as summary judgment proof. The document clearly shows the date of termination of the agreement was changed from June 1, 1999, to June 1, 2000, and the date after which the Bank would no longer purchase receivables was changed from April 1, 1999, to April 1, 2000. The alteration is handwritten and the initials of Norma Galloway, a senior vice president of the Bank, appear beside each change. Galloway testified in her deposition that she did not remember if she made the change before or after the document was signed on behalf of C D. In a reply to the response to the motion, the Bank argued (1) without the change, the agreement would have been ineffective because the agreement was signed in May 1999, a month after the original deadline for purchasing receivables; (2) the change was not material and materiality is an issue for the court to decide, citing Frost National Bank v. Burge, 29 S.W.3d 580, 599 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.); (3) the date was corrected to be consistent with the parties' agreement as stated in other documents signed on the same day; and (4) the parties operated under the agreement well after the original typewritten termination date.
In their brief, appellants state simply that, because Galloway could not say in her deposition when the alteration occurred and Gilmer and Vetrano testified the change was not made with their permission, a fact question exists as to which terms (altered or unaltered) controlled termination of the agreement. Appellants include no citations to authority, no responsive argument regarding the Bank's contentions, and only a citation to their own response to the motion. Accordingly, we find appellants have failed to adequately brief this issue. See Tex.R.App.P. 38.1.
3. Summary Judgment Responses
Appellants also contend their summary judgment responses raised fact issues precluding a no-evidence summary judgment. Under Rule 166a(i), a trial court must grant a no-evidence motion unless the respondent produces summary judgment proof raising a fact issue. Tex.R.Civ.P. 166a(i). The respondent is not required to marshal its proof but must point out evidence raising a fact issue on the challenged elements. Tex.R.Civ.P. 166a cmt. Although appellants did attach voluminous affidavits and documents to their responses, the responses themselves do not point to any evidence as raising a fact issue. Accordingly, we find appellants failed to meet the requirements of Rule 166a(i) for raising a fact issue. See, e.g., Walton v. City of Midland, 24 S.W.3d 853, 858 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2000, no pet.) (holding response was inadequate because it failed to direct trial court to any specific evidence raising fact issue).
For example, appellants' "Response to Compass Bank's Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment" contains 35 pages of objections and exceptions to the Bank's summary judgment proof, and it attaches voluminous documentation; however, it does not reference any of the attached documentation as raising a fact issue.
Furthermore, appellants' brief does not contain references or citation to the record in support of their contention that a fact issue existed precluding summary judgment. We are not required to search a voluminous record for evidence raising a fact issue without guidance from appellant. Yard v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 44 S.W.3d 238, 243 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.); Paull v. Capital Res. Mgmt., Inc., 987 S.W.2d 214, 220 (Tex.App.-Austin 1999, pet. denied); see also Tex.R.App.P. 38.1. Accordingly, this subissue is overruled.
D. Orders
Finally, appellants contend the trial court erred in refusing to state the factual basis for the grants of summary judgment. Appellants, however, cite to no authority to support this contention. Rule 166a, governing summary judgments, does not require a court to state the factual basis for its order. Tex.R.Civ.P. 166a. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are simply not appropriate in the summary judgment context. See IKB Indus. (Nigeria) Ltd. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.2d 440, 441-42 (Tex. 1997). Accordingly, this subissue is overruled.
IV. Conclusion
It had once been noted at the bar, that while Mr. Stryver was a glib man, and an unscrupulous, and a ready, and a bold, he had not that faculty of extracting the essence from a heap of statements, which is among the most striking and necessary of the advocate's accomplishments.
Charles Dickens
A Tale of Two Cities
We would not apply any of Mr. Dickens's characterizations to appellants' brief other than the last. Because appellants have failed to extract from this voluminous record facts, proof, arguments, or authority to support most of their issues, and failed to show error on those few in which they did, we overrule all issues.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.