Opinion
Civil No. 3:20-CV-1014
10-15-2020
FRANCISZEK BYSTRON, Plaintiff, v. ANGELA HOOVER, et al., Defendants.
(Judge Mannion)
( ) REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
I. Factual Background
This is one of a number of cases recently filed by immigration detainees challenging the conditions of their confinement, which have been referred to the undersigned for case management. The case began in a curious fashion. It was filed on the plaintiff's behalf by another detainee who purported to be bringing an action on behalf of dozens of other persons, including this plaintiff.
At the outset, to the extent that one detainee sought to file pleadings and purported to act on behalf of other pro se plaintiffs, these filings were improper. As non-lawyer pro se litigants, each of these detainees is only authorized to represent his own interests in his case and is not empowered to "represent" the interests of other unrepresented parties. This rule is, first, prescribed by statute: "In all courts of the United States the parties may plead and conduct their own cases personally or by counsel as, by the rules of such courts, respectively, are permitted to manage and conduct causes therein." 28 U.S.C. § 1654 (emphasis added). In keeping with this statutory language, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals has long instructed that "a nonlawyer appearing pro se [is] not entitled to play the role of attorney for other pro se parties in federal court." Osei-Afriyie by Osei-Afriyie v. Med. Coll. of Pennsylvania, 937 F.2d 876, 882 (3d Cir. 1991) (holding father not authorized to represent the legal interests of his children in federal court and vacating judgment that had been entered against unrepresented children); see also Lutz v. Lavelle, 809 F. Supp. 323, 325 (M.D. Pa. 1991) ("It is a well-established principle that while a layman may represent himself with respect to his individual claims, he is not entitled to act as an attorney for others in a federal court"); cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(a) (requiring that all pleadings, motions, and submissions to federal courts be signed by an attorney of record, or by the unrepresented party himself or herself).
Because one detainee had improperly attempted to file this action on behalf of a host of other unrepresented parties, there was a second flaw in these initial filings. None of the multiple plaintiffs named in the initial pleading had filed motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, or paid the filing fee, as required by law.
In addition, a review of the docket disclosed a third and fundamental flaw in this case. The only operative pleading filed in this case was a collective motion for a temporary restraining order filed on behalf of all detainees. Thus, no individual plaintiff had filed a civil complaint setting forth that plaintiff's specific complaints or claims.
Upon review of these eccentric and inappropriate filings, the clerk lodged these filings as separate cases under each individual putative plaintiff's name, and these civil actions were then referred to the undersigned. Recognizing the chaotic state of the record in these cases, on June 23, 2020, we entered a case management order designed to create some measure of order out of this chaos, which directed the plaintiffs to take a series of actions by July 24, 2020. That order provided as follows:
In order to ensure that this litigation proceeds forward in an orderly fashion, IT IS ORDERED as follows:
1. On or before July 24, 2020, each individual plaintiff must pay the filing fee prescribed by law, or submit a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.
2. In addition, on or before July 24, 2020 each individual plaintiff must submit a complaint to the court describing that plaintiff's claims. However, we instruct each plaintiff that this "complaint must be complete in all respects. It must be a new pleading which stands by itself as an adequate complaint without reference to the [pleadings] already filed." Young v. Keohane, 809 F. Supp. 1185, 1198 (M.D. Pa. 1992). Therefore, each individual plaintiff's complaint must recite factual allegations which are sufficient to raise the plaintiff's claimed right to relief beyond the level of mere speculation, contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), set forth in averments that are "concise, and direct," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1), and stated in separately numbered paragraphs describing the date and time of the events alleged, and identifying wherever possible the participants in the acts about which the plaintiff complains.
3. Each complaint must be a new pleading which stands by itself as an adequate complaint without reference to any other pleading already filed. Young v. Keohane, 809 F. Supp. 1185, 1198 (M.D. Pa. 1992). The complaint should set forth plaintiff's claims in short, concise and plain statements, and in sequentially numbered paragraphs. It should name proper defendants, specify the offending actions taken by a particular defendant, be signed, and indicate the nature of the relief sought. Further, the claims set forth in the complaint should arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences, and they should contain a question of law or fact common to all defendants.(Doc. 5) (emphasis added).
4. The Court further places each plaintiff on notice that failure to comply with these directions may result in the dismissal of this action pursuant to Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . The Court also notifies each plaintiff that, as a litigant who may seek leave to proceed in forma pauperis, your complaint may also be subject to a screening review by the Court to determine its legal sufficiency. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).
5. Finally, to the extent that any plaintiff is seeking a preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order, each individual plaintiff should include a motion seeking such relief along with his or her motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and complaint.
We know that Bystron received this order because the plaintiff twice moved for extensions of time in which to comply with this order. (Docs 7 and 10). We granted the plaintiff additional time in which to comply with this order on August 20, 2020 and instructed the plaintiff in clear and precise terms that:
[O]n or before September 11, 2020, Brown must pay the filing fee prescribed by law, or submit a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. In addition, on or before September 11, 2020 Brown must submit a complaint to the court describing that plaintiff's claims. However, we instruct Brown that this "complaint must be complete in
all respects. It must be a new pleading which stands by itself as an adequate complaint without reference to the [pleadings] already filed." Young v. Keohane, 809 F. Supp. 1185, 1198 (M.D. Pa. 1992). Therefore, Brown's complaint must recite factual allegations which are sufficient to raise the plaintiff's claimed right to relief beyond the level of mere speculation, contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), set forth in averments that are "concise, and direct," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1), and stated in separately numbered paragraphs describing the date and time of the events alleged, and identifying wherever possible the participants in the acts about which the plaintiff complains.(Doc. 11).
This deadline has now passed without any effort by the plaintiff to comply with our prior orders or further litigate this case. In the absence of action by the plaintiff to comply with our orders, or litigate this case, it is impossible for us to evaluate the merits of this case or authorize service of the complaint. In short, the plaintiff's inaction and failure to comply with this court's order now wholly frustrates our efforts to adjudicate this case. On these facts, this case should be dismissed without prejudice to renewal if the plaintiff complies with the local rules.
II. Discussion
A. Dismissal of this Case Is Warranted Under Rule 41.
Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes a court to dismiss a civil action for failure to prosecute, stating that: "If the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules or a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim against it." Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Decisions regarding dismissal of actions for failure to prosecute rest in the sound discretion of the Court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. Emerson v. Thiel College, 296 F.3d 184, 190 (3d Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). That discretion, however, while broad, is governed by certain factors, commonly referred to as Poulis factors. As the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has noted:
To determine whether the District Court abused its discretion [in dismissing a case for failure to prosecute], we evaluate its balancing of the following factors: (1) the extent of the party's personal responsibility; (2) the prejudice to the adversary caused by the failure to meet scheduling orders and respond to discovery; (3) a history of dilatoriness; (4) whether the conduct of the party or the attorney was willful or in bad faith; (5) the effectiveness of sanctions other than dismissal, which entails an analysis of alternative sanctions; and (6) the meritoriousness of the claim or defense.Emerson, 296 F.3d at 190 (quoting Poulis v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 747 F.2d 863, 868 (3d Cir. 1984)).
In exercising this discretion "there is no 'magic formula' that we apply to determine whether a District Court has abused its discretion in dismissing for failure to prosecute." Lopez v. Cousins, 435 F. App'x 113, 116 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d 252 (3d Cir. 2008)). Therefore, "[i]n balancing the Poulis factors, [courts] do not [employ] a . . . 'mechanical calculation' to determine whether a District Court abused its discretion in dismissing a plaintiff's case." Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d at 263 (quoting Mindek v. Rigatti, 964 F.2d 1369, 1373 (3d Cir. 1992)). Consistent with this view, it is well-settled that " 'no single Poulis factor is dispositive,' Ware, 322 F.3d at 222, [and it is] clear that 'not all of the Poulis factors need be satisfied in order to dismiss a complaint.' Mindek, 964 F.2d at 1373." Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d at 263. Moreover, recognizing the broad discretion conferred upon the district court in making judgments weighing these six factors, the court of appeals has frequently sustained such dismissal orders where there has been a pattern of dilatory conduct by a pro se litigant who is not amenable to any lesser sanction. See, e.g., Emerson v. Thiel College, 296 F.3d 184; Tillio v. Mendelsohn, 256 F. App'x 509 (3d Cir. 2007); Reshard v. Lankenau Hospital, 256 F. App'x 506 (3d Cir. 2007); Azubuko v. Bell National Organization, 243 F. App'x 728 (3d Cir. 2007).
In this case, a dispassionate assessment of the Poulis factors weighs heavily in favor of dismissing this action. At the outset, a consideration of the first Poulis factor, the extent of the party's personal responsibility, shows that the delays in this case are entirely attributable to the plaintiff, who has failed to abide by court orders or take the first steps in any lawsuit—filing a complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.
Similarly, the second Poulis factor, the prejudice to the adversary caused by the failure to abide by court orders, also calls for dismissal of this action. Indeed, this factor is entitled to great weight and careful consideration. As the Third Circuit has observed:
"Evidence of prejudice to an adversary would bear substantial weight in support of a dismissal or default judgment." Adams v. Trustees of New Jersey Brewery Employees' Pension Trust Fund, 29 F.3d 863, 873-74 (3d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Generally, prejudice includes "the irretrievable loss of evidence, the inevitable dimming of witnesses' memories, or the excessive and possibly irremediable burdens or costs imposed on the opposing party." Id. at 874 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). . . . . However, prejudice is not limited to "irremediable" or "irreparable" harm. Id.; see also Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 222 (3d Cir. 2003); Curtis T. Bedwell & Sons, Inc. v. Int'l Fidelity Ins. Co., 843 F.2d 683, 693-94 (3d Cir. 1988). It also includes "the burden imposed by impeding a party's ability to prepare effectively a full and complete trial strategy." Ware, 322 F.3d at 222.Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d at 259-60.
In this case, the plaintiff's failure to file a complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, or to comply with court orders, now wholly frustrates and delays the resolution of this action. In such instances, the defendant is plainly prejudiced by the plaintiff's continuing inaction and dismissal of the case clearly rests in the discretion of the trial judge. Tillio, 256 F. App'x 509 (failure to timely serve pleadings compels dismissal); Reshard, 256 F. App'x 506 (failure to comply with discovery compels dismissal); Azubuko, 243 F. App'x 728 (failure to file amended complaint prejudices defense and compels dismissal).
When one considers the third Poulis factor, the history of dilatoriness on the plaintiff's part, it becomes clear that dismissal of this action is now appropriate. In this regard, it is clear that " '[e]xtensive or repeated delay or delinquency constitutes a history of dilatoriness, such as consistent non-response . . . , or consistent tardiness in complying with court orders.' " Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d at 260-61 (some citations omitted) (quoting Adams, 29 F.3d at 874). Here, the plaintiff has failed to file a complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, or to comply with court orders. Thus, the plaintiff's conduct displays "[e]xtensive or repeated delay or delinquency [and conduct which] constitutes a history of dilatoriness, such as consistent non-response . . . , or consistent tardiness in complying with court orders." Adams, 29 F.3d at 874.
The fourth Poulis factor, whether the conduct of the party or the attorney was willful or in bad faith, also cuts against the plaintiff in this case. In this setting, we must assess whether this conduct reflects mere inadvertence or willful conduct, in that it involved "strategic," "intentional or self-serving behavior," and not mere negligence. Adams, 29 F.3d at 875. At this juncture, when the plaintiff has failed to file a complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, or to comply with court orders directing the plaintiff to take specific action in this case, the court is compelled to conclude that the plaintiff's actions are not accidental or inadvertent but instead reflect an intentional disregard for this case and the court's instructions.
While Poulis also enjoins us to consider a fifth factor, the effectiveness of sanctions other than dismissal, cases construing Poulis agree that in a situation such as this case, where we are confronted by a pro se litigant who will not comply with the rules or court orders, lesser sanctions may not be an effective alternative. See, e.g., Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 262-63; Emerson, 296 F.3d at 191. This case presents such a situation where the plaintiff's status as a pro se litigant severely limits the ability of the court to utilize other lesser sanctions to ensure that this litigation progresses in an orderly fashion. In any event, by entering our prior orders, and counseling the plaintiff on his obligations in this case, we have endeavored to use lesser sanctions, but to no avail. The plaintiff still has provided us with no means of communicating with this party, and otherwise ignores his responsibilities as a litigant. Since lesser sanctions have been tried and have failed, only the sanction of dismissal remains available to the Court.
Finally, under Poulis, we are cautioned to consider one other factor, the meritoriousness of the plaintiff's claims. In our view, however, consideration of this factor cannot save this particular plaintiff's claims, since the plaintiff is now wholly non-compliant with his most basic obligations as a litigant—the obligation to file a complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis or to comply with court orders. The plaintiff cannot refuse to provide this basic information, which is necessary to allow resolution of the merits of his claims, and then assert the untested merits of these claims as grounds for denying a motion to sanction him. Furthermore, it is well-settled that " 'no single Poulis factor is dispositive,' Ware, 322 F.3d at 222, [and it is] clear that 'not all of the Poulis factors need be satisfied in order to dismiss a complaint.' Mindek, 964 F.2d at 1373." Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d at 263. Therefore, the untested merits of the non-compliant plaintiff's claims, standing alone, cannot prevent imposition of sanctions.
Indeed, this principle applies with particular force here, where the plaintiff has neither filed a complaint setting forth his allegations, nor submitted a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. These two pleadings are absolute prerequisites to the litigation of this case. Without them, the case cannot proceed forward. Therefore, the plaintiff's failure to file these pleadings, or comply with our order directing him to submit these pleadings, makes it impossible to proceed with this lawsuit and calls for the dismissal of this case without prejudice to renewal of this action should the plaintiff file a proper complaint and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.
III. Recommendation
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, IT IS RECOMMENDED that this complaint be dismissed without prejudice to renewal if the plaintiff complies with this court's order.
The Parties are further placed on notice that pursuant to Local Rule 72.3:
Any party may object to a magistrate judge's proposed findings, recommendations or report addressing a motion or matter described in 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B) or making a recommendation for the disposition of a prisoner case or a habeas corpus petition within fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy thereof. Such party shall file with the clerk of court, and serve on the magistrate judge and all parties, written objections which shall specifically identify the portions of the
proposed findings, recommendations or report to which objection is made and the basis for such objections. The briefing requirements set forth in Local Rule 72.2 shall apply. A judge shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made and may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge. The judge, however, need conduct a new hearing only in his or her discretion or where required by law, and may consider the record developed before the magistrate judge, making his or her own determination on the basis of that record. The judge may also receive further evidence, recall witnesses or recommit the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.
Submitted this 15th day of October 2020.
S/Martin C . Carlson
Martin C. Carlson
United States Magistrate Judge