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holding that when giving an Allen charge to a deadlocked jury, trial courts should no longer use language stating that the case "must be decided by some jury"
Summary of this case from Marshall v. StateOpinion
S03G1195.
DECIDED MAY 3, 2004. RECONSIDERATION DENIED JUNE 4, 2004.
Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia — 260 Ga. App. 739.
Banks, Stubbs, Neville Cunat, Rafe Banks III, for appellant.
Philip C. Smith, District Attorney, Rand J. Csehy, Penny A. Penn, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee.
We granted certiorari in this case to consider whether a portion of this State's pattern Allen charge is accurate and should continue to be used. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the portion of the charge in question is inaccurate and should no longer be given by trial courts. However, we also conclude that, considering the Allen charge as a whole, it was not impermissibly coercive. Accordingly, we affirm Burchette's conviction.
Burchette v. State, 260 Ga. App. 739, 744 ( 580 SE2d 609) (2003).
Following the trial court's charge, the jury began its deliberations of Burchette's case at 11:45 a.m. At 2:45 p.m., the jury sent the trial court a note that it was deadlocked. The trial court gave an Allen charge, and instructed the jury, in relevant part, that "[t]his case must be decided by some jury selected in the same manner this jury was selected and there is no reason to think a jury better qualified than you would ever be chosen." Burchette objected to this portion of the charge, but the trial court overruled the objection. After deliberating until 5:00 p.m., the jury returned a guilty verdict on the charge of arson, the only crime with which Burchette was charged. On appeal, Burchette contended that the trial court erred by giving the foregoing portion of the Allen charge. The Court of Appeals, however, found no error and affirmed. We granted certiorari to consider whether the foregoing language should continue to be included in the Allen charge. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that it should not.
See Burchette, 260 Ga. App. at 744.
To begin, we note that the language in question is included in this State's pattern charge, and that in several cases, this Court has held the language not to be impermissibly coercive when considered in the context of the charge as a whole. However, upon further reflection, we agree with the conclusion of many courts that the statement that the case "must be decided by some jury" is inaccurate. Because of this inaccuracy, these courts have ruled that the statement should not be included in their states' Allen charges. Moreover, the statement is not included in the charge approved for deadlocked juries in the ABA Standards for Criminal Justice. In addition, our recognition of the statement's inaccuracy was foreshadowed in our decision in Romine v. State. In that case, this Court reaffirmed the proposition that the "must-be-decided" language could not be given in the death penalty phase of murder trials because it was inaccurate. In this regard, we cited to a previous decision of this Court in which we held that the charge is inaccurate in death penalty cases because OCGA § 17-10-31 provides that if a jury cannot reach unanimity on the sentence, the trial court is required to impose a life sentence, thus meaning that no retrial is permissible. In Romine, however, we did not discuss OCGA § 17-10-31 in stating that the charge is inaccurate, and although we cited Legare for the proposition that the language was inaccurate, we also relied on Gainer, a non-death penalty case that explains that it is not true that a criminal trial that ends with a hung jury must always be retried. Thus, in Romine, we recognized that the charge is inaccurate in murder cases in which only a life sentence is sought.
See Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2nd ed.), Part 5 (J), pp. 156-157 (2001).
See, e.g., Mayfield v. State, 276 Ga. 324, 329-331 ( 578 SE2d 438) (2003); Wright v. State, 274 Ga. 305, 307 ( 553 SE2d 787) (2001).
See, e.g., People v. Gainer, 566 P2d 997, 1006 (Cal. 1977) ("It is simply not true that a criminal case `must at some time be decided. The possibility of a hung jury is an inevitable by-product of our unanimous verdict requirement. Confronted with a mistrial, the People retain the authority to request dismissal of the action.'"); Commonwealth v. Rodriquez, 300 NE2d 192, 201-203 (Mass. 1973); State v. Campbell, 294 NW2d 803, 808-813 (Iowa 1980).
Id.
See ABA Standards for Criminal Justice § 15-5.4 (3d ed. 1996).
Romine v. State, 256 Ga. 521, 526-527 ( 350 SE2d 446) (1986).
Legare v. State, 250 Ga. 875, 876-877 ( 302 SE2d 351) (1983).
Id. at 1006.
Because we agree with the courts that have concluded that the "must-be-decided" charge is inaccurate in non-death penalty cases, and because such an inaccurate charge should not be given in a criminal trial, we now hold that the "must-be-decided" charge should no longer be included in Allen charges in this State.
See n. 5, supra.
See Romine, 256 Ga. at 526-527; Legare, 250 Ga. at 876-877.
This conclusion does not end our inquiry, however. We must still decide "whether the instruction is so coercive as to cause a juror to `abandon an honest conviction for reasons other than those based upon the trial or the arguments of other jurors.'" We conclude that, because the "must-be-decided" language constituted but one small portion of an otherwise balanced and fair Allen charge, it did not render the charge impermissibly coercive. In addition, the jury deliberated about three hours, which included some break for lunch, before sending the trial court a note regarding their deadlock. The trial court gave the Allen charge about 2:45 p.m., and the jury deliberated until 5:00 p.m. before returning their verdict. Thus, the jury deliberated about the same amount of time after the Allen charge as it did before, a factor that indicates a lack of coercion in the charge. Moreover, the trial court polled the jurors and "each one affirmed that the verdicts announced were the ones that he or she had reached and agreed upon."
Mayfield, 276 Ga. at 330, quoting Wright, 274 Ga. at 305.
See Campbell, 294 NW2d at 810; Rodriquez, 300 NE2d at 200-201.
See Campbell, 294 NW2d at 811.
Mayfield, 276 Ga. at 331. Accord Stephens v. State, 261 Ga. 356, 357 ( 405 SE2d 470) (1991).
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that, when giving an Allen charge to a deadlocked jury, trial courts in this State should no longer include language stating that the case "must be decided by some jury." We also conclude, however, that the charge was not impermissibly coercive under the circumstances of this case. Accordingly, we affirm Burchette's conviction.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.