Opinion
No. 206276.
Submitted October 7, 1999, at Grand Rapids.
Decided April 11, 2000, at 9:00 a.m.
Appeal from Ionia Circuit Court, Michigan, LC No. 96-017610-NM.
Gruel, Mills, Nims Pylman LLP (by Brion J. Brooks), for the plaintiff, Grand Rapids. Plunkett Cooney, P.C. (by Christine D. Oldani and Lawrence R. Donaldson), for the defendant, Detroit.
Before: Hood, P.J., and Holbrook, Jr., and Fitzgerald, JJ.
In this legal malpractice claim, plaintiff appeals as of right from an order granting defendant's motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We reverse and remand.
This lawsuit is based on the estate planning services defendant provided to the decedent, E. Bernadette Timm. Plaintiff and her two brothers, Charles Timm and Michael Timm, are the adult children of the decedent. In June 1994, defendant drafted a will and a revocable trust pursuant to the decedent's instructions. The decedent's will and trust were first executed on June 16, 1994. However, because the decedent was unhappy with the appearance of her signatures on those documents, defendant prepared another will and trust agreement, which the decedent signed on July 29, 1994. On the same day, defendant also had the decedent execute two deeds, transferring the decedent's home, located in Lyons, Michigan, and her cottage, located in Kalkaska, Michigan, to the trust.
Under the terms of the will, plaintiff was to receive both the Lyons and the Kalkaska properties. The decedent's remaining real property, a Florida townhouse, was devised to Charles Timm. The will also contained a pour-over provision, which stated that the residue of the decedent's estate was to be delivered to plaintiff as successor trustee of the revocable trust. After the decedent's death, all trust property was to be divided equally between the decedent's three children, unless otherwise provided for in the trust. The trust did not contain any provision addressing how any real property was to be distributed.
After the decedent's death, plaintiff's brothers filed a petition in the probate court seeking to have plaintiff removed as personal representative of the estate. The brothers alleged that plaintiff had indicated the intent to convey the Lyons and Kalkaska properties to herself, which the brothers claimed was contrary to the express terms of the trust. The brothers argued that because the two parcels had been previously deeded to the trust, they should be equally divided between the decedent's three children. During the hearing regarding on the brothers' petition, defendant testified that it was always the decedent's intent that plaintiff receive the Lyons and Kalkaska properties. He stated that the two parcels were deeded to the trust in order "to avoid . . . the Probate Court getting involved and so that it would pass through the trust, rather than creating a joint tenancy, or gifting during her lifetime." Defendant also testified that when he drafted the trust, he believed that the two parcels could be conveyed to plaintiff pursuant to the following provision:
Plaintiff's brothers also alleged certain other irregularities that are not part of the appeal.
The Trustee is authorized, but not required, to pay directly or to the Settlor's estate from the principal of the trust estate, such amounts as may be needed to pay all or any part of Settlor's funeral and cremation expenses, debts and legally enforceable claims against the Settlor or Settlor's estate, reasonable expenses of administration of Settlor's estate, gifts provided for in Settlor's Last Will and Testament, and any allowances by court order for those dependent upon Settlor.
When asked by plaintiff why he did not specify in the trust that the decedent's real property should be distributed according to the terms of the will, defendant responded, "I — hindsight, I guess, is always twenty/twenty. The provisions of the will were clear. . . . Also there's [sic] other references within the trust agreement to the fact that the provisions of the will are to be adhered to first."
Eventually, plaintiff and her brothers settled their dispute. According to the terms of their agreement, the Lyons property was donated to St. Peter and Paul Catholic Church in Ionia, Michigan, the Kalkaska property was given to plaintiff, and the Florida property was given to both the brothers. Plaintiff then sued defendant, claiming that as a result of defendant's negligent handling of the decedent's will and trust, she lost the Lyons property. Defendant brought a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Citing Mieras v. DeBona, 452 Mich. 278; 550 N.W.2d 202 (1996), defendant argued that because plaintiff was unable to show that defendant's handling of the estate frustrated the intent of the decedent without referencing the deeds, plaintiff's cause of action should be summarily dismissed. The trial court agreed, reasoning that "the law as it presently stands in Michigan does not permit a cause of action configured as this one is, to proceed further."
Plaintiff also claimed to have lost other property the decedent had wanted her to receive. For purposes of this appeal, the only property at issue is the Lyons property.
"This Court reviews decisions on motions for summary disposition de novo." Auto Club Ins Ass'n v. Sarate, 236 Mich. App. 432, 434; 600 N.W.2d 695 (1999).
MCR 2.116(C)(8) permits summary disposition when the opposing party has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A motion under this subsection determines whether the opposing party's pleadings allege a prima facie case. The court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts. Only if the allegations fail to state a legal claim is summary disposition . . . valid. [ Stehlik v. Johnson (On Rehearing), 206 Mich. App. 83, 85; 520 N.W.2d 633 (1994).]
In Mieras, our Supreme Court held "that beneficiaries named in a will may bring a tort-based cause of action against the attorney who drafted the will for negligent breach of the standard of care owed to the beneficiary by nature of the beneficiary's third-party beneficiary status." Mieras, supra at 308 (opinion by Boyle, J.). Recognizing that the imposition of such a duty ran counter to the general rule that "`"an attorney will be held liable for . . . negligence only to his client,"'" id. at 298, the Court indicated that this duty would be "narrowly circumscribed. . . ." Id. at 302. "The duty owed to named beneficiaries," the Court observed "only requires the attorney to draft a will that properly effectuates the distribution scheme set forth by the testator in the will." Id.
Quoting Atlanta Int'l Ins Co v. Bell, 438 Mich. 512, 518; 475 N.W.2d 294 (1991), quoting 7 Am Jur 2d, Attorneys at Law, § 232, p 274.
The discussion in Mieras was framed in terms of examination of a will simply because the only document involved in that case was a will. We do not take this to mean, however, that the rule of Mieras is only applicable when the document at issue is a will. Given the realities of modern estate planning, with the proliferating use of alternative methods of estate disposition, we see no reason to deny third-party standing to those beneficiaries identified in these alternative instruments. The reasons that support extending standing to beneficiaries of a will apply with equal force in such situations. We believe this is also true even when the instruments at issue are will substitutes. See In re Estate of Davidson, 177 Misc.2d 928, 929-931; 677 N.Y.S.2d 729 (Surrogate's Ct, 1998); Mann v. Cooke, 624 So.2d 785, 786, n 1 (Fla App, 1993).
Defendant's testimony indicates that at least three will substitutes were contemplated when deciding how best to handle the Lyons property. According to defendant, the creation of a joint tenancy and an inter vivos gift of the property were rejected in favor of deeding the property to the revocable trust.
Indeed, given that the modern estate plan often involves several interlinked modes of distribution, we conclude that it is better to speak of a third-party beneficiary's standing as having arisen out of the individual's status as a named beneficiary in a decedent's overall estate plan. See Mieras, supra at 299 (observing that pursuant to "the named beneficiaries' status as third-party beneficiaries . . ., the attorney also owes the beneficiaries a tort-based duty to draft the documents with the requisite standard of care") (emphasis added). After all, the contractual promise between an attorney and a decedent that underlies a negligence action is the promise to establish a testamentary scheme by which the decedent's intended disposition of property will be accomplished. That might entail the drafting of a single testamentary document, or it might require the establishment of a more complex testamentary design.
The Court in Mieras also took great pains to explain that extrinsic evidence is not to be relied on in a negligence cause of action brought by a named beneficiary against the attorney who drafted a will. In fact, the Court observed that not only is extrinsic evidence not to be used "to prove that the testator's intent is other than that set forth in the will," id. at 303, but it also implied that extrinsic evidence should not be used to establish that the testator's intent has been frustrated by the attorney's drafting of the will, id. at 303-304. When the estate plan at issue involves more than one instrument, the Mieras prohibition on the use of extrinsic evidence means that standing is limited to those third-party beneficiaries who can establish that the decedent's intent as expressed in the overall estate plan has been frustrated by the attorney who drew up that plan.
The question then becomes one of identifying those instruments that make up a decedent's estate plan. We believe it is clear under the circumstances of the case before us that the Timm revocable trust was an integral part of the decedent's estate plan. "The revocable trust is a valid will substitute." Haskell, Preface to Wills, Trusts Administration (2d ed, 1994), p 126. Although not testamentary in nature, the decedent's trust functions essentially as a testamentary instrument. In re Estate of Tisdale, 171 Misc.2d 716, 719; 655 N.Y.S.2d 809 (Surrogate's Ct, 1997) ("[T]o consider a revocable trust as a traditional instrument fails to recognize that it actually functions as a will since it is an ambulatory instrument that speaks at death to determine the disposition of the settlor's property."). Indeed, the decedent's testamentary scheme cannot be fully understood unless the revocable trust is examined.
We also believe that contemporaneously executed instruments that transfer property into a revocable trust in order to effectuate a decedent's intended disposition of estate property are part and parcel of the estate plan. See In re Estate of Crooks, 266 Ill. App.3d 715, 719-721; 638 N.E.2d 729 (1994); In re Estate of Smith, 256 Cal.App.2d 496, 498; 64 Cal.Rptr. 295 (1967). Such instruments are executed so that the transferred property will pass to the intended beneficiaries under the terms of the trust, free of court supervision. In defendant's words, the goal is "to avoid . . . the Probate Court getting involved." Accordingly, examining the Lyons deed in order to prove both the decedent's intent and frustration of that intent is not a reference to extrinsic evidence.
We recognize that situations will arise where there will be some question whether a transferring instrument like a deed was actually a contemporaneous document executed in order to effectuate the decedent's intent with respect to the overall estate. However, in the case before us there is no doubt that the deed, which was executed on the same day as the will and revocable trust, was drafted with the intent of effectuating the decedent's distributive design. Defendant himself testified that the deed was a part of the decedent's overall estate plan. We see no good reason to turn a blind eye to defendant's own sworn admissions regarding the purpose of the deed. We stress that we are not expressing any opinion regarding the relative merits of plaintiff's case. We only conclude that plaintiff has pleaded a legally sufficient claim of legal malpractice.
We state no opinion regarding whether the error in this case occurred in the drafting of the deed itself or in the failure to include in the trust a provision stating that the provisions of the will must be followed by the trustee.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting defendant summary disposition on the basis of MCR 2.116(C)(8) because plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.