Summary
In Bryan, this Court held that it was error for the trial court to admit the testimony of a non-expert as to the amount of damages done to the vehicle as a result of the accident over the defendant's objection.
Summary of this case from Owen v. OwenOpinion
No. 43152.
October 26, 1964.
1. Motor vehicles — following vehicle — standard of care — duty to avoid collision instruction, reversibly erroneous.
Instruction to the effect that automobile driver must so drive that he can perform the manual acts necessary to stop to avoid a collision with others was reversibly erroneous in that it placed upon defendant driver an absolute duty to avoid a collision whereas the standard required by the law was ordinary, or reasonable, care.
2. Motor vehicles — following vehicle — standard of care — speed of travel instruction, reversibly erroneous.
Instruction to the effect that automobile driver must decrease speed in presence of special hazards existing by reason of weather or highway conditions, and that speed shall be decreased as may be necessary to avoid any collision was reversibly erroneous in that it placed upon defendant an absolute burden to avoid a collision, when the standard of the law was that of ordinary, or reasonable, care.
3. Damages — pyramiding damages — instruction, reversibly erroneous.
Instruction authorizing jury to fix the amount of damages at such sum as will fairly compensate plaintiff for her injuries, pain, suffering and mental anguish, discomfort, and her permanent injuries was erroneous in that it allowed pyramiding of damages.
4. Witnesses — doctor and patient — privilege communication — instructions conflicting.
Mere testimony as to treatment prescribed by physician did not constitute express or implied waiver of doctor-patient privilege, and instruction that privilege had been waived was erroneous.
5. Damages — measure of — cost of repairs — what proof must show.
Where cost of repairs is relied upon as measure of damages, proof must establish that repairs were necessary as result of wrongful act, and that the cost was reasonable.
6. Damages — measure of — cost of repairs — repair bills — admissibility.
Admission of automobile repair bills as element of measure of damages was error where the only proof offered to establish necessity and reasonableness of repairs was testimony of plaintiff, who did not qualify as a mechanic.
7. Damages — physicians', hospital and drug bills — admissibility.
It was error to admit physicians', hospital, and drug bills as element of measure of damages merely on plaintiff's testimony that the services represented thereby were necessary as result of accident, and that the charges were reasonable.
8. Damages — medical and drug bills — admissibility.
The law requires proof connecting medical and drug bills with accident, where these bills are relied upon as measure of that element of damage, and also that the bills are reasonable.
9. Motor vehicles — evidence — officer investigating collision — testimony as to parts of automobile damaged proper.
It was proper for police officer to testify what he found upon arrival at automobile collision scene, including what parts of the several vehicles were damaged.
10. Motor vehicles — evidence — officer investigating collision — testimony as to money damage to automobiles, inadmissible.
Admission of testimony of police officer, who did not qualify as a mechanic, as to amount of damages to the automobiles involved in the collision, in terms of money, was error even though officer was experienced in investigating accidents and it was part of his duty to fill out forms giving amount of damages to each automobile.
Headnotes as approved by Gillespie, J.
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Simpson County; HOMER CURRIE, J.
Satterfield, Shell, Williams Buford, Cary E. Bufkin, Jackson, for appellants.
I. The trial court erred in admitting, over objection, testimony and invoices concerning the appellee's alleged property damage. Brown Root, Inc. v. Continental Southern Lines, 228 Miss. 15, 87 So.2d 257; Greyhound Corp. v. Townsend, 234 Miss. 839, 108 So.2d 853; National Fire Insurance Co. of Hartford v. Slaydon, 227 Miss. 285, 85 So.2d 916; Parilli v. Brooklyn City R. Co., 236 App. Div. 577, 260 N.Y. Supp. 60; 25 C.J.S., Damages, Sec. 162(b) p. 834.
II. The trial court erred in admitting, over objection, testimony and bills concerning doctors' bills, drug bills, hospital bills and other bills allegedly resulting from the accident. Allison v. Chicago Transit Authority, 336 Ill. App. 224, 83 N.E.2d 386; Blizzard v. Fitzsimmons, 193 Miss. 44, 10 So.2d 343; Cohenour v. Smart (Okla.), 240 P.2d 91; Jackson v. Swinney, 244 Miss. 117, 147 So.2d 555; Kiyawa v. Baltimore Transit Co., 224 Md. 195, 167 A.2d 96, 89 A.L.R. 2d 1166; Michalski v. Wagner, 9 Wis.2d 22, 100 N.W.2d 354; Anno. 82 A.L.R. 1326; 25 C.J.S., Damages, Secs. 156, 162(b) pp. 804, 822.
III. The trial court erred in permitting Dr. Holder, over objection, to testify upon hypothetical question as to the appellee's injuries. Williams Brothers Co. v. McIntosh, 226 Miss. 553, 84 So.2d 692; 32 C.J.S., Evidence, Sec. 551 (a) (b).
IV. The trial court erred in permitting the highway patrolman, over objection, to give a description of damages and pecuniary estimates, and in permitting numerous answers over appellants' objections.
V. The trial court erred in instructing the jury. Dame v. Estes, 233 Miss. 315, 101 So.2d 644; Copiah Dairies, Inc. v. Addkison, 247 Miss. 327, 153 So.2d 689; Cothern v. Brewer, 234 Miss. 676, 107 So.2d 361; Herndon v. Henderson, 41 Miss. 584; Kansas City, M. B.R. Co. v. Lilly (Miss.), 8 So. 644; Solomon v. City Compress Co., 69 Miss. 319, 13 So. 339.
VI. The verdict of the jury and the judgment of the trial court are so excessive as to evince passion, bias and prejudice on the part of the jury. Barras v. Fidelity Casualty Co. of New York (La.), 152 So.2d 74; Billups Petroleum Co. v. Entrekin, 209 Miss. 302, 46 So.2d 781; Five-Two Taxi Service v. Simmons, 241 Miss. 182, 129 So.2d 401; Garafalla v. North River Insurance Co. (La.), 153 So.2d 445; Henderson v. Austin (La.), 153 So.2d 175; Johnson v. Richardson, 234 Miss. 49, 108 So.2d 194; Kincade Lofton v. Stephens (Miss.), 50 So.2d 587; Payne v. McNeeley, 123 Miss. 248, 85 So. 197; Reid v. Middleton, 241 Miss. 324, 130 So.2d 554; Shearron v. Shearron, 219 Miss. 27, 70 So.2d 922; Walker v. Polles, 248 Miss. 887, 162 So.2d 631; West v. American Insurance Co. (La.), 155 So.2d 261; White v. Robbins (La.), 153 So.2d 165.
VII. The verdict of the jury and the judgment of the trial court are contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence, and wrong as a matter of law.
VIII. The trial court erred in not setting aside the verdict of the jury and granting a new trial.
George B. Grubbs, George G. Williamson, Mendenhall, for appellee.
I. The trial court did not commit any prejudicial error in admitting, over objection, invoices concerning the repairs to appellee's automobile. Brown Root, Inc. v. Continental Southern Lines, 228 Miss. 15, 87 So.2d 257; National Fire Insurance Co. of Hartford v. Slaydon, 227 Miss. 285, 85 So.2d 916; Tynes v. McLendon, 235 Miss. 336, 108 So.2d 716.
II. The trial court did not commit reversible error in admitting testimony, doctors bills, drug bills, hospital bills, and other bills resulting from the accident. Blizzard v. Fitzsimmons, 193 Miss. 44, 10 So.2d 343; Jackson v. Swinney, 244 Miss. 117, 147 So.2d 555.
III. The trial court committed no error in permitting Dr. Holder to testify to a hypothetical question propounded by the appellee. Tampa Transit Lines v. Smith (Fla.), 155 So.2d 557; Williams Brothers v. McIntosh, 226 Miss. 553, 84 So.2d 692.
IV. The trial court committed no error relative to the testimony of the highway patrolman.
V. The trial court did not commit error in instructing the jury. Gatlin v. Allen, 203 Miss. 135, 33 So.2d 304; Gulf Refining Co. v. Myrick, 220 Miss. 429, 71 So.2d 217; Killings v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 187 Miss. 265, 192 So. 577; Pullin v. Nabors, 240 Miss. 864, 128 So.2d 117; Reid v. Middleton, 241 Miss. 324, 130 So.2d 554.
VI. The verdict of the jury and judgment of the trial court are not excessive and certainly there's no evidence of passion, bias or prejudice on the part of the jury. Mississippi Winn-Dixie Supermarkets v. Hughes, 247 Miss. 575, 156 So.2d 734; Pellerin Laundry Machine Sales Co. v. Jeffcoats, 248 Miss. 781, 161 So.2d 190; Rayner v. Lindsey, 243 Miss. 824, 138 So.2d 902.
VII. The verdict of the jury and the judgment of the trial court are not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence, and wrong as a matter of law.
VIII. The trial court committed no error in denying a new trial. Rayner v. Lindsey, supra; Sec. 1536, Code 1942.
Mrs. Earl Grubbs, plaintiff below and appellee here, sued P.B. Barnett, John Guyton and his employer, Bryan Bros. Packing Company, a corporation (hereinafter referred to as Bryan Bros.), to recover damages for personal injuries sustained in an automobile collision. Four automobiles were traveling south on U.S. Highway 49, a two-lane highway, about a mile north of Florence, Mississippi. It had been raining, the pavement was wet, and traffic was heavy. The first vehicle, belonging to the State Game and Fish Commission, developed engine trouble and stopped in the highway. Plaintiff's Chevrolet was next in line and stopped to avoid hitting the Game and Fish Commission's station wagon. Barnett was third and stopped his vehicle to avoid hitting plaintiff's automobile. The Bryan Bros. vehicle, driven by defendant John Guyton, the last car in the line, ran into the rear of the Barnett car, forcing it forward and causing it to strike the rear of plaintiff's car. The Game and Fish Commission's vehicle was not struck. The jury found in favor of plaintiff against defendants Guyton and Bryan Bros., who prosecuted this appeal. The jury found in favor of Barnett and this appeal does not concern him.
The declaration charged Guyton was negligent in (1) driving his vehicle at an excessive speed, (2) failing to keep his vehicle under reasonable control, (3) failing to keep a proper lookout, and (4) driving too closely to the vehicle ahead. All these charges were denied on behalf of Guyton and Bryan Bros. The proof was in conflict, and whether Guyton was negligent was a question for the jury.
(Hn 1) The granting at the request of plaintiff of instruction No. 5 is assigned as error. This instruction told the jury that the driver of a vehicle ". . . . must so drive his vehicle that he can actually discover an object, perform the manual acts necessary to stop, and bring his vehicle to a complete halt, if necessary, to avoid a collision with others. . . ." This instruction placed upon Guyton an absolute duty to avoid a collision with others. The standard required by the law is ordinary, or reasonable, care.
(Hn 2) Instruction No. 6 granted at the request of plaintiff was directed to the question of speed and told the jury ". . . the driver or operator of any vehicle must decrease speed when special hazards exist by reason of weather or highway conditions, and the speed shall be decreased as may be necessary to avoid collision with any person, vehicle or other conveyance on the highway." This instruction likewise placed upon Guyton an absolute burden to avoid a collision, when the standard of the law is that of ordinary, or reasonable, care.
The two aforementioned instructions must be considered in the light of the facts. It was late afternoon on a rainy day and the pavement was wet. Traffic was heavy. The disabled vehicle caused traffic to stop. Guyton testified that he was traveling at a speed of about thirty or forty miles per hour at a distance of thirty or forty feet behind the Barnett vehicle. According to his testimony, Barnett stopped suddenly without giving any signal. It was for the jury to determine whether Guyton exercised ordinary care under the circumstances. Hankins v. Harvey, 160 So.2d 63 (Miss. 1964). Both of the said instructions are peremptory in character and denied the jury the right to determine whether under all the circumstances Guyton exercised ordinary care, both as to the speed he was driving immediately before the collision and in attempting to stop his vehicle. The errors in these instructions were not cured by the other instructions.
Instruction No. 7 granted at the request of plaintiff below was directed to the relationship of master and servant existing at the time of the collision between Guyton and Bryan Bros. It told the jury that Bryan Bros. admitted that Guyton was acting within the scope of his employment, and concluded with the statement that ". . . in the event you should find for the plaintiff, then you are to return a verdict against both of said defendants, John Guyton and Bryan Brothers Packing Company." This instruction fails to take into account the fact that Barnett was also a defendant. It instructed the jury to find against both said defendants in the event it found for plaintiff, whereas, under the pleadings and proof the jury could have found for the plaintiff against Barnett and in favor of Guyton and Bryan Bros. This error was no doubt an inadvertence and we do not indicate that the case would be reversed for this cause alone.
(Hn 3) Instruction No. 9 concerning the measure of damages is confusing and should not be given on retrial. It purports to authorize the jury to fix the amount of damages at such sum as will fairly compensate the plaintiff for the following:
"(a) For the injuries, if any, sustained by Plaintiff directly and proximately caused by the act or omission of the defendants;
"(b) The pain, suffering and mental anguish, if any, sustained or to be sustained by plaintiff because of her said injuries;
"(c) Such damages, if any, as the jury may consider will compensate the plaintiff for her discomfort, if any, she has suffered, as a direct and proximate result of her said injuries; and
"(d) Such amounts as will fairly and reasonably compensate the Plaintiff for permanent injuries, if any, that she may have received, all of which must be shown by a preponderance of the credible evidence to be directly and proximately caused or contributed to by the negligence, if any, of the defendants, including past and future, medical, drug and hospital expenses, if any, which Plaintiff has incurred or if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence that she will incur in the future, if any."
This type of instruction is objectionable because it indicates to the jury that each paragraph is a separate item or kind of damage when in fact some of the elements are duplicated. For instance, in paragraph (b) she may recover for pain, suffering and mental anguish and again in (c) she may recover for her discomfort suffered as a proximate result of her injuries. This allows pyramiding of damages and is erroneous. Copiah Dairies v. Addkison, 247 Miss. 327, 153 So.2d 689 (1963).
(Hn 4) Error is assigned because of the granting, at the request of plaintiff below, of the following instruction:
"The Court instructs the Jury for the plaintiff, Mrs. Earl (Grace) Grubbs, that although there is a privilege communication existing by law between a Doctor and patient, the fact that the plaintiff testified as to the treatment prescribed by Dr. George Twente waived said privilege communication, and thereupon the defendant or defendants had a right to call the said Dr. George Twente as a witness to testify in this case."
It was error to instruct the jury that the privilege had been waived. There was no express waiver. Plaintiff testified that Dr. Twente treated her, but there is no testimony in the record as to the confidential communications between appellee and Dr. Twente. There was no implied waiver. See Coca-Cola Bottling Works v. Simpson, 158 Miss. 390, 130 So. 479, 72 A.L.R. 143 (1930). Pullin v. Nabors, 240 Miss. 864, 128 So.2d 117 (1961), relied upon by appellee, is not in point. The error is compounded because the court, at the request of Guyton and Bryan Bros., granted an instruction that ". . . plaintiff, and she alone, could compel the testimony of Doctors Warner and Twente." These instructions are in direct and irreconcilable conflict concerning who had the right to call Dr. Twente as a witness.
Error is assigned because of the admission over objection of Guyton and Bryan Bros. of repair bills to plaintiff's automobile. Plaintiff sought recovery for personal injuries, medical expenses and repairs to her automobile. The proof showed that her automobile was struck from behind, damaging the trunk lid, bumper and rear light. It was a 1953 model Chevrolet. The accident occurred on February 5, 1962. The repairs to these damaged parts were made August 18, 1962, six months after the accident. The bill therefor was $60.48. The other repair bill introduced was for $60.21, dated May 17, 1962, and covered "Overhaul of powerglide transmission." The only proof offered to establish the necessity and reasonableness of these repair bills was the testimony of plaintiff. She did not qualify as a mechanic. She said the repairs were necessary as a result of the damages sustained in the accident and that the car was not up to par after the accident and it would not reverse at times.
(Hn 5) We held in National Fire Ins. Co. v. Slayden, 227 Miss. 285, 85 So.2d 916 (1956), that where costs of repairs are relied upon as the measure of damages, the proof must establish (1) the repairs were necessary as a result of the wrongful act, and (2) the cost was reasonable. (Hn 6) The proof was insufficient to establish necessity or reasonableness of the cost of repairs to the transmission, nor the reasonableness of the costs of the other repairs. There is no proof that the collision damaged the transmission. The most harmful aspect of the erroneous admission of these repair bills is the inference that might be drawn therefrom. The jury returned a verdict for $20,000. The personal injuries were based on a sprain of the cervical spine, or "whiplash" injury. The damage to the rear of plaintiff's car was not extensive, when the repair bill of August 18, 1962, is considered, and indicated a relatively slight impact. On the other hand, if the impact damaged the transmission, that fact indicated a far greater impact; or, at least, such would be a permissible inference. This could have a bearing on the amount of damages for personal injuries, for the jury would have the right to consider the force of the impact in weighing the evidence on the question of damages.
(Hn 7) Error is also assigned because plaintiff was allowed to introduce physicians' bills, hospital bills, and drug bills without proving that the services represented thereby were necessary as a result of the accident, and the charges reasonable. We are of the opinion that it was error to admit most of the bills referred to herein. It would not have put a hardship on plaintiff to make the necessary proof, for causal connection between the medical expenses and the accident could have been proven by plaintiff and the physician who testified. (Hn 8) A large number of drug bills were introduced on the testimony of the plaintiff that the items were bought for treatment of her injuries sustained in the accident. As to the prescriptions, all of which were listed by date and number, she said they were prescribed by her doctor and filled by the druggist. The testimony on the drug bills developed that several items were contained therein which had no causal connection with the injuries sustained in the accident in question. This points up the reason the law requires proof connecting medical and drug bills with the accident where these bills are relied upon as the measure of that element of damage. There should also be some proof that medical, hospital and drug bills are reasonable.
It is also contended that it was error to admit the testimony of a highway patrolman who was called to investigate the accident concerning the amount of damages, in terms of money, to the vehicles involved. (Hn 9) We hold that it was proper for the officer to testify what he found upon arrival at the scene, including what parts of the several vehicles were damaged. He attempted to qualify as an expert by testifying that he was experienced in investigating accidents and that it was a part of his duty to fill out a form giving the amount of damages to each vehicle, but he did not qualify as a mechanic with knowledge of the cost of labor and materials in repairing automobiles. (Hn 10) Over objection, he testified as to the amount of damages to each of the three vehicles in terms of money. This was error.
A serious question is raised by the contention the damages were excessive, but we do not reach that question since the case must be reversed for the errors hereinabove mentioned, several of which relate to liability and several to damages. We have given very careful consideration to the case as a whole, and we are of the opinion that it cannot be said the errors are harmless, although some of them standing alone would not justify reversal. The case is therefore reversed for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
Kyle, P.J., and Ethridge, McElroy and Brady, JJ., concur.