Summary
stating that under Pennsylvania law, a waiver requires a "clear, unequivocal and decisive act of the party with knowledge of such right and an evident purpose to surrender it . . . ."
Summary of this case from N. Jersey Brain & Spine Ctr. v. Multiplan, Inc.Opinion
October 5, 1962.
November 26, 1962.
Words and Phrases — Waiver — Torts — Immunity from liability — Church.
1. A waiver in law is the act of intentionally relinquishing or abandoning some known right, claim or privilege. [360]
2. To constitute a waiver of legal right, there must be a clear, unequivocal and decisive act of the party with knowledge of such right and an evident purpose to surrender it. [360]
3. The doctrine of implied waiver in Pennsylvania applies only to situations involving circumstances equivalent to an estoppel, and the person claiming the waiver to prevail must show that he was misled and prejudiced thereby. [360-1]
4. In this action of trespass in which it appeared that the plaintiff was injured while walking on a public sidewalk in front of defendant church, which paid a sum of money to plaintiff and received a release of liability; and that the plaintiff thereafter brought an action of trespass against the municipality which sought to join the church as an additional defendant, it was Held that the payment of money by the church for a release did not constitute a waiver of its right to assert the defense of charitable immunity. [359-64]
Practice — Joint tortfeasors — Release of one tortfeasor — Effect on other tortfeasors — Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act — Release of person who is not legally liable — Release of immune tortfeasor.
5. A release of all claims for damages for personal injury given to a person who is not legally liable for the injury does not bar an action against the tortfeasor who is liable. [362]
6. Under the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act of 1951, P.L. 1130, § 4, a release by the injured party of one joint tortfeasor does not discharge the other tortfeasors unless the release so provides. [362]
7. A person who has been injured may have but one satisfaction from the tortfeasors who injured him. [362-3]
8. In an action of trespass against a municipality to recover damages for injuries resulting from the negligent maintenance of a public sidewalk by a person who is immune from liability to the plaintiff and from liability over to the municipality, in which the plaintiff recovers a judgment against the municipality, credit must be given to the municipality for any sum paid to plaintiff by the other tortfeasor. [363-4]
Mr. Justice COHEN dissented.
Before BELL, C. J., MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and KEIM, JJ.
Appeal, No. 223, March T., 1962, from order and judgment of Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, April T., 1961, No. 970, in case of Helen L. Brown and Charles F. Brown, her husband, v. City of Pittsburgh and East Liberty Presbyterian Church. Order and judgment affirmed.
Trespass for personal injuries.
Order entered granting additional defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissing original defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings, and judgment entered, opinion by BROWN, J. Original defendant appealed.
Marcus Aaron, II, Assistant City Solicitor, with him David W. Craig, City Solicitor, for City of Pittsburgh, appellant.
Thomas M. Rutter, Jr., for appellees.
James R. Orr, with him Reed, Smith, Shaw McClay, for appellee.
The plaintiff, Helen L. Brown, on January 26, 1959, fell and was seriously injured while walking on the sidewalk in front of the East Liberty Presbyterian Church (Church) in the City of Pittsburgh. On October 12, 1960, Helen L. Brown and her husband, Charles F. Brown, received the sum of $2000 in cash from the Church, and executed and delivered in return a release, completely discharging the Church from all claims for damages arising out of the accident and resulting injuries.
On January 25, 1961, the plaintiffs, claiming that the fall described above was caused by a dangerous accumulation of ice and snow, existing on the sidewalk for an unreasonable length of time, instituted this action for damages against the City of Pittsburgh (City). The City filed a complaint to join, on the record, the Church as an additional defendant.
The Church filed an answer to the City's complaint asserting nonliability by reason of the immunity accorded eleemosynary institutions and also because of the release from liability given by the plaintiffs to the Church as hereinbefore described.
The Church subsequently filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings on the ground that it was immune from tort liability. The City then filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings contending that the release given by the plaintiffs to the Church, also released the City from liability. It further asserted that the Church in making a monetary settlement with the plaintiffs, and in accepting the release in return, waived any right to assert its immunity. The lower court entered judgment for the Church and dismissed the City's motion. From this order and judgment, the City appealed.
Did the Church by the acts described waive its right to assert the defense of charitable immunity in this action?
A waiver in law is the act of intentionally relinquishing or abandoning some known right, claim or privilege. See, Bell's Estate, 139 Pa. Super. 11, 10 A.2d 835 (1940); and, Sudnick v. Home Friendly Insurance Co., 149 Pa. Super. 145, 27 A.2d 468 (1942). To constitute a waiver of legal right, there must be a clear, unequivocal and decisive act of the party with knowledge of such right and an evident purpose to surrender it: Kahn v. Bancamerica-Blair Corporation, 327 Pa. 209, 193 A. 905 (1937), and Cole v. Phila. Co., 345 Pa. 315, 26 A.2d 920 (1942). Waiver is essentially a matter of intention. It may be expressed or implied. " '[I]n the absence of an express agreement, a waiver will not be presumed or implied contrary to the intention of the party whose rights would be injuriously affected thereby, unless by his conduct the opposite party has been misled, to his prejudice, into the honest belief that such waiver was intended or consented to.' " Atlantic Ref. Co. v. Wyoming Nat. Bank, 356 Pa. 226, at 236-237, 51 A.2d 719 (1947), reaffirming what was said in Dougherty v. Thomas, 313 Pa. 287, 169 A. 219 (1933). In short, the doctrine of implied waiver in Pennsylvania applies only to situations involving circumstances equivalent to an estoppel, and the person claiming the waiver to prevail must show that he was misled and prejudiced thereby: Frazee v. Morris, 155 Pa. Super. 320, 38 A.2d 526 (1944), and Barr v. Deiter, 190 Pa. Super. 454, 154 A.2d 290 (1959).
No express waiver is claimed herein nor could there be.
Emphasis supplied.
Waiver and estoppel are closely akin. Frequently the terms are incorrectly used interchangeably. While implied waiver is in the nature of an estoppel and sustained on similar principles, waiver and estoppel are not convertible terms. For instance, in estoppel, the intention to relinquish a right need not be present, whereas in waiver the choice between relinquishment and enforcement of a right is vital. Further, in waiver the intention of the party is controlling regardless of the attitude of the other party. Waiver basically involves the conduct of only one of the parties. Estoppel involves the acts of both. See, 56 Am. Jur., Waiver, § 3 at 103, 105.
In the instant case, there are no facts from which an implied waiver as to the City may be found. There must be an "inducement to prejudice" present. This is not such a case. The City was not misled to its prejudice. There was no change in the City's position as a result of any act of the Church. If the plaintiffs gained a judgment against the City, absent other facts, the City could not prevail in an action for indemnity against the Church: Bond v. Pitts., 368 Pa. 404, 84 A.2d 328 (1951). The conduct of the Church in no way changed this position.
Did the release given the Church also release the City? We conclude not.
At common law, a release of one joint tortfeasor discharged the other and barred any further action against him: Hilbert v. Roth, 395 Pa. 270, 149 A.2d 648 (1959). "The rule was applicable 'even though it was intended, or the release expressly stipulated, that the other wrongdoers should not thereby be released.' " Smith v. Fenner, 399 Pa. 633, 638, 161 A.2d 150 (1960). As pointed out by Mr. Justice JONES in the last mentioned case, the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act of July 19, 1951, P.L. 1130, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 2082-12 Pa.C.S.A. § 2089, drastically changed the law on this subject and since that enactment a release by the injured party to one jointly liable does not release others also liable, unless the release expressly so provides.
In the present issue, the relationship of the City and the Church is one of primary and secondary liability and not one of joint or several liability: Wright v. Scranton, 128 Pa. Super. 185, 194 A. 10 (1937); Philadelphia v. Merchant and Evans Co., 296 Pa. 126, 145 A. 706 (1929); Beebe v. Philadelphia, 312 Pa. 214, 167 A. 570 (1933); and, Jenkins v. American Dredging Co., 406 Pa. 145, 177 A.2d 451 (1962). Hence, the City argues that the uniform joint "Tortfeasors Act," supra, does not apply and that common law principles are controlling. It further asserts that under common law, if there were a community of fault among those liable, regardless upon what theory their respective liabilities were predicated, the release of one completely discharges the other, citing, Thompson v. Fox, 326 Pa. 209, 192 A. 107 (1937).
Assuming arguendo, that the City's position is correct, it does not govern here. A release of all claims for damages for personal injury given to a person who is not legally liable for the injury does not bar an action against the tortfeasor who is liable: Wilbert v. Pitts. Consolidation Coal Co., 385 Pa. 149, 122 A.2d 406 (1956), and Union of Russian Societies of St. Michael and St. George v. Koss, 348 Pa. 574, 36 A.2d 433 (1944). The Church was not legally liable for the injuries complained of herein. Consequently, the release in no way affected the City's responsibility.
However, the City's responsibility is affected by the payment to the plaintiff of the $2000. It has long been the law that for the same injury, an injured party may have but one satisfaction, and the receipt of such satisfaction, either as payment of a judgment recovered or consideration for a release executed by him, from a person liable for such injury necessarily works a release of all others liable for the same injury: Thompson v. Fox, supra, and Hilbert v. Roth, supra. The rationale for this rule is set forth in Thompson v. Fox, at page 213, as follows: ". . . the principle which underlies the rule is that the injured person is given a legal remedy only to obtain compensation for the damage done to him, and when that compensation has been received from any of the wrongdoers, his right to further remedy is at an end." Although the Church is not legally liable and, therefore, the foregoing rule would not be applicable thereto in the strict sense, the liability of the City is predicated upon, and must be preceded by, the negligent maintenance of the sidewalk by the Church: Wright v. Scranton, supra. If the Church is not a wrongdoer, the City will not be liable in this case. The plaintiffs have already received at least a partial satisfaction from one who must be a wrongdoer in order for plaintiff to recover from the City. Moreover, the City's right of indemnity in the ordinary case is pursued to recover money paid by the City which should have been paid by the abutting property owner: Philadelphia v. Reading Co., 295 Pa. 183, 145 A. 65 (1929). Where the right of indemnity is barred by the defense of charitable immunity, and the charity has nevertheless made a payment to the injured party, justice demands that such a payment be looked upon as a partial satisfaction of the plaintiff's claim, because the primary obligation is that of the charity. The sum received may not be recovered again. Therefore, if any judgment is recovered against the City, which will establish the fact that the Church was negligent and a wrongdoer, albeit one protected by an immunity from liability for its negligence, credit must be given for the sum already paid. The City's liability, if any, must be limited to the amount of the judgment that is in excess of the sum that has already been paid.
Order and judgment affirmed.
Mr. Justice COHEN dissents.