Summary
In Brown v. Fletcher's Estate, supra, action was brought in Massachusetts against a resident of Michigan, who was personally served and appeared and defended the suit.
Summary of this case from Harris v. Chicago Title and Trust Co.Opinion
No. 220.
Argued April 30, 1908. Decided May 18, 1908.
The full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution does not preclude the courts of a State in which the judgment of a sister State is presented from inquiry as to jurisdiction of the court by which the judgment is rendered, nor is this inquiry precluded by a recital in the record of jurisdictional facts. Every State has exclusive jurisdiction over property within its borders, and where testator has property in more than one State each State has jurisdiction over the property within its limits and can, in its own courts, provide for the disposition thereof in conformity with its laws. There is no privity between the executor and an administrator with the will annexed appointed in another State which makes a decree in a court of such State against the latter binding under the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution upon the former in the courts of the State in which such executor is appointed. Where a party dies pending a suit which is subsequently revived against an administrator with the will annexed appointed in the State in the courts of which the suit is pending, the judgment is binding only upon the parties against which it is revived and who are within the jurisdiction of the court, and the courts of another State are not bound under the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution to give effect to such judgment against the executors of such deceased party; and this applied to a judgment entered on an arbitration had in pursuance of a stipulation that it should be conducted under control of the court and that it should continue notwithstanding the decease of either party. Quaere as to the effect of the death of either party on an arbitration under a contract of submission made independently of judicial proceedings where the contract provides that the arbitration shall in such event continue and the award be binding upon the representatives of the deceased party. 146 Mich. 401, affirmed.
His principal estate, as well as his domicil, was in Michigan, but he owned two small tracts in Massachusetts. The Probate Court of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by proceedings, regular in form, appointed Frank B. Cotton, a citizen of that State, administrator with the will annexed. The Massachusetts property was afterwards sold by that administrator for $350.After the death of Fletcher the principal suit was revived, the administrator entered his appearance therein, and an order was made by the Massachusetts court that the executors and the children and residuary legatees of the decedent be notified to appear, and that in default thereof the arbitration proceed. They were notified by personal service of the order in the State of Michigan, but did not appear. The arbitration proceeded in their absence and a final award was made. It should also be stated that on his death Fletcher's counsel withdrew their appearance in the case. On April 14, 1903, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court confirmed the awards of the arbitrator, and adjudged that Albert W. Brown recover from Frank B. Cotton, administrator with the will annexed, the sum of $394,372.87 and $4,495.85 as interest and the costs of suit, afterwards taxed as $5,385.40. It was further adjudged and decreed that the Michigan executors of the last will were bound by the final award of the arbitrator and liable to pay to Albert W. Brown the aforesaid sums; that the legal representatives of George N. Fletcher were likewise bound by the award and liable for any deficiency. Thereafter the decree of the Massachusetts court was filed in the Probate Court of Wayne County, Michigan, as evidence of a claim against the estate. It was disallowed by that court, and on appeal to the Supreme Court of Michigan the disallowance was affirmed. 146 Mich. 401. Thereupon the case was brought here on error.
Mr. Harrison Geer and Mr. John Miner for plaintiff in error:
The Massachusetts court in equity having had jurisdiction in Fletcher's lifetime over the subject-matter and the parties to the suit, and on his death the suit having been duly revived, the decree is conclusive evidence of debt in this proceeding.
The death of a party to a suit in equity does not amount to a determination of the suit, but merely suspends the proceedings until new parties are brought before the court. When the suit is revived, the cause proceeds to its regular determination. 5 Am. Eng. Ency. of Pl. Pr. 790, 791; Story's Equity Pl. Pr. § 354; Clarke v. Mathewson, 12 Pet. 171; Mellus v. Thompson, 1 Cliff. 129; Hoxie v. Carr, 1 Sumn. (U.S.) 178.
While the right of the Massachusetts court to proceed in the suit was suspended by Fletcher's death, the court was not thereby divested of jurisdiction. It retained the jurisdiction possessed by it in the lifetime of Fletcher until the cause was finally determined. 2 Black on Judg. § 912; Freeman on Judg. § 142; Sanford v. Sanford, 28 Conn. 6; Evans v. Black, 5 Ark. 429; Quarl v. Abbott, 102 Ind. 239, 240; Gray v. Bowles, 74 Mo. 419; Nations v. Johnson, 24 How. 202. See also Smith v. Engle, 44 Iowa 265; Laing v. Rigney, 160 U.S. 531; Fitzsimmons v. Johnson, 90 Tenn. 416; Field v. Judge, 124 Mich. 68.
The court having possessed jurisdiction of the cause until it was finally determined, its exercise of that jurisdiction cannot be questioned in a collateral proceeding like the one at bar. There is a marked distinction between the jurisdiction of a court and its exercise of that jurisdiction. If it has no jurisdiction, any judgment rendered by it is absolutely void, and may be attacked in a collateral proceeding. If it has jurisdiction, but exercises it wrongfully, its judgment may be reversed on appeal, but it cannot be questioned in a collateral proceeding. 17 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 1042; Paine v. Mooreland, 15 Ohio 435; Chase v. Christianson, 41 Cal. 255; Laing v. Rigney, 160 U.S. 531; Babb v. Bruere, 23 Mo. App. 606; Hagerman v. Sutton, 91 Mo. 519.
The suit having been properly revived against the administrator with the will annexed, and the court having retained the jurisdiction that it possessed in Fletcher's lifetime until the cause was finally determined, the decree against such administrator is valid and conclusive evidence of debt in this proceeding against his estate in Michigan.
Even if the suit had not been revived after Fletcher's death the decree would be merely voidable, and not void, nor subject to attack in a collateral proceeding like the case at bar. While a court ought to cease the exercise of its jurisdiction over a party on his death, its failure to do so can only be corrected in a direct proceeding. The court having possessed jurisdiction in the lifetime of the party, and having retained such jurisdiction until the final determination of the suit, its exercise of that jurisdiction, even after the death of a party, is not subject to collateral attack. 2 Black on Judg. § 200; Freeman on Judg. §§ 140-153; 17 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 1070; New Orleans v. Gaines, Admr., 138 U.S. 612; Reid v. Holmes, 127 Mass. 326; Collins v. Mitchell, 5 Fla. 364; Neale v. Utz, 75 Va. 480; Yaple v. Titus, 4 1 Pa. 195; Carr v. Townsend's Ex'rs, 63 Pa. 202; Swasey v. Antram, 24 Ohio St. 87; Claflin's Ex'r v. Dunne, 129 Ill. 241; Mitchell v. Schoonover, 16 Or. 211; Hayes v. Shaw, 20 Minn. 405; Stocking v. Hanson, 22 Minn. 542; Watt v. Brookover, 29 Am. St. Rep. 816 n; Webber v. Stanton, 1 Mich. N.P. 97.
Fletcher's Michigan executors and the administrator with the will annexed of his estate in Massachusetts are in such privity that the decree is conclusive evidence of debt in this proceeding.
Both the executors and the administrator with the will annexed are in privity with their testator, Fletcher. 23 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 101; Words and Phrases, Vol. 6, pp. 5606-5611; 1 Greenl. Ev. § 523; Litchfield v. Goodnow, 123 U.S. 549; Williams v. Barkley, 58 N.E. 768; Pennington v. Hunt, 20 F. 195; Hill v. Tucker, 13 How. 458; Goodall v. Tucker, 13 How. 469; Latine v. Clements, 3 Kelly (Georgia), 426.
Mr. Henry M. Campbell for defendant in error:
The contention that the administrator with the will annexed, appointed by the Probate Court of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, at the instance of the plaintiff, was in privity with the executors appointed by the Probate Court for the County of Wayne, Michigan, under the will, so that a decree in Massachusetts against the Massachusetts administrator with the will annexed, is binding upon the Michigan executors, is without support in principle or authority. Campau v. Gillett, 1 Mich. 417; Gary, Probate Law, § 9; Story, Conflict of Laws, §§ 512, 513, 514; Lafferty v. People's Savings Bank, 76 Mich. 35; Am. Missionary Ass'n v. Hall, 138 Mich. 247; Low v. Bartlett, 8 Allen, 262; Vaughn v. Northrop, 15 Peters, 5; Aspden v. Nixon, 4 How. 467; Stacey v. Thrasher, 6 How. 58; McLean v. Meek, 18 How. 16; Johnson v. Powers, 139 U.S. 156.
The covenants contained in the agreement of submission could not confer upon the Massachusetts court the power, which it did not otherwise possess, to render a judgment against the Michigan executors over whom it had no authority and who had not been brought within its jurisdiction by legal process. Woodbury v. Proctor, 9 Gray, 19; Wily v. Durgan, 118 Mass. 64; Seavy v. Beckler, 132 Mass. 203; Mussina v. Hettzog, 5 Binn. (Pa.) 387.
An agreement that the Massachusetts court shall have authority to enter a decree which shall be binding upon persons not lawfully brought before it and upon an estate situated without its jurisdiction, is legally impossible. The State of Massachusetts, itself, is without power to confer such authority upon its courts, and the Michigan laws expressly prohibit the adjustment of claims against estates within its jurisdiction in any other way than that designated by its own laws. Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, 491; Spear v. Carter et al., 1 Michigan, 19, 23; Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich. 406, 409; Allen v. Carpenter, 15 Mich. 25, 32; Thompson v. Michigan Mutual Benefit Assn., 52 Mich. 522, 524; Kirkwood v. Hoxie, 95 Mich. 62; Santom v. Ballard, 133 Mass. 465; Batchelder v. Currier, 45 N.H. 460, 463; State v. Richmond, 26 N.H. 232; Dudley v. Mayhew, 3 N.Y. 9; Morrison v. Weaver, 4 S. R. (Pa.), 190; Agee v. Dement, 1 Humph. (Tenn.) 332; Judy, Adm'r, v. Kelly, 11 Ill. 211; Greer v. Ferguson, 56 Ark. 324; Flandrow v. Hammond, 13 A.D. 325; Sloan v. Sloan, 21 Fla. 589-596; Elling v. First Nat'l Bank, 173 Ill. 368, 387; Freeman on Judgments, § 120, and cases cited; Foster v. Durant, 2 Cush. 544; Woodbury v. Proctor, 9 Gray, 18; Hubbell v. Bissell, 15 Gray, 551; 17 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 1060.
The Federal question presented is, whether the Michigan courts gave force and effect to the first section of Article IV of the Federal Constitution, which provides that "full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State." That this is a Federal question is not open to doubt. Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657, 666, and cases cited.
The constitutional provision does not preclude the courts of a State in which the judgment of a sister State is presented from inquiry as to the jurisdiction of the court by which the judgment was rendered. See the elaborate opinion by Mr. Justice Bradley, speaking for the court, in Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457. That opinion has been followed in many cases, among which may be named Simmons v. Saul, 138 U.S. 439, 448; Reynolds v. Stockton, 140 U.S. 254, 265; Thormann v. Frame, 176 U.S. 350. Even record recitals of jurisdictional facts do not preclude oral testimony as to the existence of those facts. Knowles v. Gaslight c. Co., 19 Wall. 58, 61; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 730; Cooper v. Newell, 173 U.S. 555, 566.
Every State has exclusive jurisdiction over the property within its borders. Overby v. Gordon, 177 U.S. 214. We make this extract from the opinion of Mr. Justice White in that case, p. 222:
"To quote the language of Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, in Rose v. Himely, 4 Cranch, 241, 277: `It is repugnant to every idea of a proceeding in rem to act against a thing which is not in the power of the sovereign under whose authority the court proceeds; and no nation will admit that its property should be absolutely changed, while remaining in its own possession, by a sentence which is entirely ex parte.'
"As said also in Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 722: `Except as restrained and limited by the Constitution, the several States of the Union possess and exercise the authority of independent States, and two well-established principles of public law respecting the jurisdiction of an independent State over persons and property are applicable to them. One of these principles is, that every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory. . . . The other principle of public law referred to follows from the one mentioned; that is, that no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory. Story, Confl. Laws, c. 2; Wheat. Int. Law, pt. 2, c. 2. The several States are of equal dignity and authority, and the independence of one implies the exclusion of power from all others. And so it is laid down by jurists, as an elementary principle, that the laws of one State have no operation outside of its territory, except so far as is allowed by comity; and that no tribunal established by it can extend its process beyond that territory so as to subject either persons or property to its decisions. Any exertion of authority of this sort beyond this limit, says Story, is a mere nullity, and incapable of binding such persons or property in any other tribunals. Story, Confl. Laws, s. 539.'"
Fletcher at the time of his decease was the owner of property, some of it situated in Massachusetts and some in Michigan. Each State had jurisdiction over the property within its limits, and could in its own courts, in conformity with its laws, provide for the disposition thereof. Massachusetts exercised its jurisdiction over the property within its limits and disposed of it by legal proceedings in its courts. The contention now is that the proceedings in the Massachusetts court can be made operative to control the disposition of the property in Michigan. In support of this contention counsel for plaintiff in error state two propositions:
"The Supreme Judicial Court in Equity for Suffolk County, Massachusetts, having had jurisdiction in Fletcher's lifetime over the subject-matter and the parties to the suit, and on his death the suit having been duly revived, the decree is conclusive evidence of debt in this proceeding.
"Fletcher's Michigan executors and the administrator with the will annexed of his estate in Massachusetts are in such privity that the decree is conclusive evidence of debt in this proceeding."
Considering first the latter proposition, we are of opinion that there is no such relation between the executor and an administrator with the will annexed appointed in another State as will make a decree against the latter binding upon the former, or the estate in his possession. While a judgment against a party may be conclusive, not merely against him, but also against those in privity with him, there is no privity between two administrators appointed in different States. Vaughan v. Northrup, 15 Pet. 1; Aspden v. Nixon, 4 How. 467; Stacy, Adm'r, v. Thrasher, 6 How. 44. In this latter case, on page 58, it was said:
"Where administrations are granted to different persons in different States, they are so far deemed independent of each other that a judgment obtained against one will furnish no right of action against the other, to affect assets received by the latter in virtue of his own administration; for in contemplation of law, there is no privity between him and the other administrator. See Story, Confl. of Laws, § 522; Brodie v. Bickley, 2 Rawle, 431."
See also McLean v. Meek, 18 How. 16; Johnson v. Powers, 139 U.S. 156, in which the question is discussed at some length by Mr. Justice Gray. This doctrine was enforced in Massachusetts. Low v. Bartlett, 8 Allen, 259, where a judgment had been recovered in Vermont against an ancillary administrator appointed in that State, whose appointment had been made at the request of the executor under the will probated in Massachusetts, and it was held that the administrator was not in privity with the executor, because the two were administering two separate and distinct estates, the court saying, p. 262:
"If we look at the question of privity between the executor here and the ancillary administrator in Vermont, it is difficult to find any valid ground on which such privity can rest. The executor derives his authority from the letters testamentary issued by the probate court here; he gives bond to that court; is accountable to it for all his proceedings; makes his final settlement in it and is discharged by it, in conformity with the statutes of this Commonwealth. The administrator derives his authority from the probate court in Vermont, and is accountable to it in the same manner in which the executor is accountable to our court. The authority of the executor does not extend to the property there, nor to the doings of the administrator. Nor does the authority of the administrator extend to the property here, or to the doings of the executor. When the plaintiff commenced his suit against the administrator, the executor had no right to go there and defend it. If he had been found in Vermont he could not have been sued there. The judgment rendered in the suit was not against him, or against the testator's goods in his hands; but was simply against the administrator and the testator's goods in his hands. The courts of Vermont had no jurisdiction of the executor or of the goods in his hands, any more than our courts would have over the administrator and the goods in his hands. It is this limitation of state jurisdiction that creates a necessity for an administration in every State where a deceased person leaves property; and each State regulates for itself exclusively the manner in which the estate found within its limits shall be settled."
The Massachusetts statutes proceed along this line. Secs. 10, 11 and 12, c. 136, Mass. Rev. Laws, 1902, provide for the probate of foreign wills in Massachusetts. Sec. 12 reads:
"After allowing a will under the provisions of the two preceding sections, the probate court shall grant letters testamentary on such will or letters of administration with the will annexed, and shall proceed in the settlement of the estate which may be found in this Commonwealth in the manner provided in chap. 143 relative to such estates."
With reference to the first contention of counsel, we remark that, while the original suit against Fletcher in the Massachusetts court was revived after his death, yet the reviver was operative only against the administrator with the will annexed. Neither the executors nor the residuary legatees were made parties, for it is elementary that service of process outside of the limits of the State is not operative to bring the party served within the jurisdiction of the court ordering the process. Such also is the statutory provision in Massachusetts. Section 1, ch. 170, Mass. Rev. Laws, 1902, reads:
"A personal action shall not be maintained against a person who is not an inhabitant of this Commonwealth unless he has been served with process within this Commonwealth or unless an effectual attachment of his property within this Commonwealth has been made upon the original writ, and in case of such attachment without such service the judgment shall be valid to secure the application of the property so attached to the satisfaction of the judgment, and not otherwise."
The Massachusetts court, therefore, proceeded without any personal jurisdiction over the executors and legatees, who were all domiciled in Michigan, did not appear, and were not validly served with process.
The argument of plaintiff in error is that by personal appearance during his lifetime the Massachusetts court acquired jurisdiction of the suit in equity against Fletcher; that his death prior to a decree did not abate the suit, but only temporarily suspended it until his representative should be made a party; that if a decree had been rendered against him in his lifetime it would have established, both against himself and after his death against his estate, whatever of liability was decreed; that while the suit was pending the parties entered into a stipulation for an arbitration; that that arbitration did not abate, nor was it outside the suit, but in terms made under rule of court and not to operate as a discontinuance of the suit. Provision was also made in the stipulation for the contingency of death, its terms being "that the decease of any party shall not revoke said submission, but that said arbitration shall continue, and that . . . the legal representatives of said Brown and said Fletcher shall be bound by the final award therein;" so that there is not merely the equity rule that a suit in equity does not abate by the death of the defendant, and that the jurisdiction of the court is only suspended until such time as the proper representatives of the deceased are made parties defendant, but also a special agreement in the submission to arbitration that it shall be made under a rule of court, and that the death of either party shall not terminate the arbitration proceedings, but that they shall continue until the final award. It is urged that on the death a reviver was ordered; that the representative of the decedent's estate in Massachusetts, to wit, the administrator, was made a party defendant and appeared to the suit, and notice was given by personal service upon the executors and legatees in Michigan of the fact of the revivor, and that they were called upon to appear and defend.
But it must be borne in mind that this arbitration was made under a rule of court. Not only that, but special provision was made for the action of the court in deciding questions of law arising upon the report of the arbitrator, so that the arbitration was not an outside and independent proceeding, but simply one had in court for the purpose of facilitating the disposition of the case. And we may remark in passing that we do not have before us the case of a simple arbitration contract, executed independently of judicial proceedings, and express no opinion as to the rights and remedies of one party thereto in case of the death of the other. The validity of the decree must depend upon the proceedings subsequent to the death of Fletcher. On his death the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts court was not wholly destroyed, but suspended until the proper representative of Fletcher was made a party. The Massachusetts administrator was made a party and did appear, and the decree rendered unquestionably bound him, but the executors, the domiciliary representatives of the decedent's estate, did not appear and were not brought into court. The Massachusetts administrator was not a general representative of the estate, and could not bind it by any appearance or action other than in respect to the property in his custody. If the home estate was to be reached it had to be reached by proceedings to which the home representatives were parties. The agreement of the parties that the arbitration should continue in case of the death of either, and that the legal representatives of the party should be bound by the final award, was an agreement made in the course of judicial proceedings of the suit in the Massachusetts court. It did not operate to make the home representatives of the decedent parties to the suit on the death of Fletcher. It did not bring his general estate into court. We concur in the views expressed by the Supreme Court of Michigan in the close of its opinion that —
"It must be held that the proceedings in the Massachusetts court abated with the death of Mr. Fletcher, that its revivor was possible only because there was brought into existence, by the exercise of the sovereign power of the State, a representative of the decedent, clothed with certain powers with respect to the estate of the decedent within the State, and that the decree thereafter rendered in the suit so revived is without effect save upon the administrator of the estate who was in accordance with the law of the place brought upon the record."
We are of opinion that the Supreme Court of Michigan did not fail to give "full faith and credit" to the decree of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, and therefore the judgment is
Affirmed.