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holding that "conceiving of the jurors as soldiers undermines the crucial discretionary element required by the Eighth Amendment"
Summary of this case from State v. HallOpinion
No. 83-8028.
January 16, 1987.
Stephen B. Bright, August F. Slemon, George H. Kendall, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner-appellant.
Michael J. Bowers, Atty. Gen., Robert S. Stubbs, II, Executive Asst. Atty. Gen., Marion O. Gordon, First Asst. Atty. Gen., William B. Hill, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Mary Beth Westmoreland, Atlanta, Ga., for respondent-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia.
ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATESBefore RONEY, Chief Judge, GODBOLD, TJOFLAT, HILL, FAY, VANCE, KRAVITCH, JOHNSON, HATCHETT, ANDERSON, CLARK and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
Honorable J.L. Edmondson did not participate in the previous consideration of this case but did participate in this decision after remand.
Honorable Albert J. Henderson has elected to participate in further proceedings in this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(c).
This case was remanded to this court by the Supreme Court of the United States, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 3325, 92 L.Ed.2d 732 for further consideration in light of Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986). In that case the Supreme Court held that a jury instruction in violation of Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979), was subject to the harmless error inquiry described in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), and its progeny.
Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. at ___, 106 S.Ct. at 3109, described the traditional Chapman test as follows: "` Chapman mandates consideration of the entire record prior to reversing a conviction for constitutional errors that may be harmless.' United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. [499,] 509 n. 7 [ 103 S.Ct. 1974, 1981 n. 7, 76 L.Ed.2d 96] [(1983)]. The question is whether, `on the whole record . . . the error . . . [is] harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 510 [ 103 S.Ct. at 1981]. See also Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24 [ 87 S.Ct. at 828] (`before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt'); Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. [73,] 97, n. 5 [ 103 S.Ct. 969, 983 n. 5, 74 L.Ed.2d 823] [(1983)] (Powell, J., dissenting) (. . . `the inquiry is whether the evidence was so dispositive of intent that a reviewing court can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have found it unnecessary to rely on the presumption')."
Following the Supreme Court's remand order, we invited and received supplemental briefs from the parties. We conclude that this circuit's harmless error analysis of Sandstrom errors, and the harmless error analysis conducted by the en banc court in its previous opinion in this case, follows the traditional harmless error analysis provided for in Chapman and in Rose v. Clark. For the reasons stated in our previous en banc opinion, we conclude that the Sandstrom error in this case is not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Accordingly, our previous en banc opinion, which was published at 762 F.2d 1383 (11th Cir. 1985), is
REINSTATED.
In Rose v. Clark, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986), the Supreme Court determined that in certain cases a Sandstrom burden-shifting instruction, although a constitutional violation, can be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The court noted that:
"[i]n many cases, the predicate facts conclusively establish intent, so that no rational jury could find that the defendant committed the relevant criminal act but did not intend to cause injury."
Id. at 3108 (emphasis in original). The Court then reasoned:
No one doubts that the trial court properly could have instructed the jury that it could infer malice from respondent's conduct. Indeed, in the many cases where there is no direct evidence of intent, that is exactly how intent is established. For purposes of deciding this case, it is enough to recognize that in some cases that inference is overpowering. It would further neither justice nor the purposes of the Sandstrom rule to reverse a conviction in such a case.
. . . . .
The harmless error inquiry involves determining whether on the whole record the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at 3108-09.
Brooks is such a case in which the jury could have inferred intent to kill from Brooks's conduct. Indeed, viewing the record as whole, there was overpowering circumstantial evidence of intent. Thus, the trial judge's error in compelling the jury to find intent rather than allowing the jury to infer intent was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
I disagree with the en banc majority's conclusion in its prior opinion that an issue of accident was "squarely before the jury" and that Brooks's confession indicated that the gun went off unintentionally. Brooks v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 1383, 1392 (11th Cir. 1985) (en banc). The majority conceded that "the only evidence adduced at trial concerning the fact of the killing itself was derived from Brooks' confession." Id. at 1391. Yet the confession does not in any way indicate that the gun went off accidentally, that Brooks did not pull the trigger, or that Brooks did not intend to kill the victim. Brooks confessed that: he kidnapped Carol Galloway from her home; he forced her to drive away with him in her car to a secluded area; he raped her at gun point; when she screamed, he pointed the gun at her; he pulled back the hammer; the gun went off; the bullet struck her; he ran away. There was no suggestion that an intervening event such as a struggle or a jar to Brooks's arm caused the gun to accidentally fire.
For these reasons as well as those articulated in my prior dissent, Id. at 1422, I conclude that the jury instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, I dissent from the majority opinion.