Summary
holding no Miranda custody where officer asked defendant "was this his money and his drugs"
Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. ButcherOpinion
Record No. 091047.
June 9, 2011.
Present: Kinser, C.J., Lemons, Goodwyn, Millette, and Minis, JJ., and Russell and Lacy, S.JJ.
Responding to an anonymous call reporting gunshots fired, officers arrived at defendant's house. They were given permission to search for weapons, including inside the house. While searching a bedroom one of the officers found, inside a tote, a weighty gift bag. When the bag was unfolded, police found a large quantity of cash and a white powdery substance, which later was determined to be cocaine. When asked by one of the officers, defendant admitted that the money and drugs were his. Prior to trial on drug possession charges, defendant moved to suppress the cocaine as being beyond the scope of his consent to search and his statements as being fruit of the poisonous tree. The circuit court heard evidence and argument in a combined suppression hearing and trial. It overruled defendant's additional argument objecting to admission of a certificate of analysis on the ground that Virginia's then-existing statutory scheme for the admission of the certificate violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. At the close of the evidence, the court found that the search of the gift bag was within the scope of the consent based, in part, on the weight and shape of the bag. The court denied the motion to suppress and found defendant guilty of possession of cocaine. The Court of Appeals denied defendant's petition for appeal, and the present appeal followed.
1. A defendant's claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment presents a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo on appeal. In making such a determination, deference is given to the factual findings of the circuit court, but the question whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the Fourth Amendment is independently determined. The defendant has the burden to show that, considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the trial court's denial of his suppression motion was reversible error. In this analysis, the Commonwealth is accorded the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.
2. Although objective reasonableness is a question of law, in the context of a warrantless search conducted pursuant to consent, the factual circumstances are highly relevant when determining what the reasonable person would have believed to be the outer bounds of the consent that was given.
3. The Fourth Amendment guarantees, in relevant part, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. Warrantless searches of a person's home are presumptively unreasonable. However, it is well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of a warrant and probable cause is a search that is conducted pursuant to consent.
4. The standard for measuring the scope of a suspect's consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of "objective" reasonableness in other words, what the typical reasonable person would have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect.
5. The scope of a search is generally defined by its expressed object.
6. In this case, the police officer received permission to search for a "weapon." The scope of the search therefore was limited to places where an objectively reasonable officer could expect to find a weapon.
7. Here, the evidence presented was that the police officer held the gift bag and felt that it had "some weight in it." Having heard the officer's testimony and having viewed the gift bag, the circuit court found that an objectively reasonable officer could have expected to find a weapon in the gift bag based upon the shape and weight of the bag and its contents. Thus, the Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the trial court's judgment that the search of the bag was objectively reasonable. Because the search was permissible under the Fourth Amendment, defendant's argument that his statement concerning his ownership of the cocaine found inside the gift bag was fruit of the poisonous tree need not be addressed.
8. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.
9. The Sixth Amendment guarantees that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
10. When an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self-incrimination is jeopardized. In such situations, a Miranda warning must be given to protect the privilege and the individual's right to the presence of an attorney prior to any questioning if he so desires.
11. In assessing whether an interrogation was custodial for purposes of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, the inquiry focuses on whether there was a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.
12. Custody is determined based on how a reasonable person in the suspect's situation would perceive his circumstances. To make that determination, the totality of the circumstances and all relevant facts are considered, including: the locus of the questioning; the duration of the interrogation; the disclosure by police that the person was free to leave; the number of officers present; the ability of the suspect's family to be present; the use of threats; the suggestion of an imminent arrest; and the subject matter and tenor of the questioning.
13. Here, the relevant facts weigh in favor of a finding that the defendant was not in custody at the time of the interrogation. There were at most two officers present. The interrogation consisted of a single question, and the defendant was not told that he had to remain present. Considering the totality of the circumstances, we cannot say that a reasonable person in the defendant's situation would have believed that he was under formal arrest or experienced a restraint on his freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the circuit court's denial of his motion to suppress the cocaine and his statement concerning his ownership of the cocaine.
14. Regarding the circuit court's admission of the certificate of analysis of the cocaine, in light of Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, the decision in Cypress v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 305, 317, 699 S.E.2d 206, 213 (2010), and the defendant's properly preserved objection, as well as the Commonwealth's concessions that the admission of the certificate was error and that the error was not harmless, the defendant is entitled to a new trial.
Appeal from a judgment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Daniel W. Hall, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In this appeal, we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred when it upheld the denial by the Circuit Court of the City of Petersburg of D'Angelo Brooks' ("Brooks") motion to suppress and conviction for possession of cocaine.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
On December 10, 2007, police from the City of Petersburg were dispatched to the 400 block of Byrne Street in Petersburg for an anonymous call of shots fired. Officer Brian Billings ("Officer Billings") testified that when he arrived, another officer was already present and had received Brooks' permission to search his house for weapons. The other officer had begun searching the house, but had not found a weapon.
After Officer Billings arrived, the officers received permission to search the area outside of the house and two cars located nearby, but again did not find a weapon. However, Officer Billings found a .22 caliber copper hollow-point cartridge on the stoop of the house, but could not discern whether it was a pistol cartridge or rifle cartridge. Officer Billings then asked Brooks for permission to search his house for a weapon. Brooks consented to that request.
During his search of the bedroom, Officer Billings found, inside a tote bag, a gift bag "with some weight in it." The bag was folded, and Officer Billings unfolded or "unrolled" the gift bag to open it. Inside, he found a large quantity of cash and a white powdery substance, which later was determined to be cocaine.
Officer Billings left the gift bag in the tote, approached Brooks in a different room, and asked him, "was this his money and his drugs." Brooks responded affirmatively. He was arrested for possession of the cocaine. Further examination of the currency revealed 358 bills of varying denominations.
Prior to trial, Brooks moved to suppress the cocaine as being beyond the scope of his consent to search and his statements as being inadmissible under the doctrine of fruit of the poisonous tree. The circuit court heard evidence and argument in a combined suppression hearing and trial. Brooks objected to the admission of the certificate of analysis on the ground that Virginia's then-existing statutory scheme for the admission of the certificate violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. The circuit court overruled that objection and admitted the certificate of analysis.
At the time of Brooks' trial, the United States Supreme Court had not yet decided Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 2527 (2009). Nor had this Court reexamined, in light of Melendez-Diaz, the constitutionality of Virginia's former statutory scheme for the admission of certificates of analysis. Cypress v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 305, 317, 699 S.E.2d 206, 213 (2010) ("the procedure established in former Code § 19.2-187.1 did not adequately safeguard a criminal defendant's rights under the Confrontation Clause").
At the close of the evidence, the court found that the search of the gift bag was within the scope of the consent based, in part, on the weight and shape of the bag. The court denied the motion to suppress and found Brooks guilty of possession of cocaine. The Court of Appeals denied Brooks' petition for appeal. Brooks v. Commonwealth, Record No. 1567-08-2 (Jan. 28, 2009) (unpublished). Brooks timely filed his notice of appeal, and we granted his petition.
DISCUSSION
Brooks assigns error to the circuit court's denial of his motion to suppress. He argues that Officer Billings' search of the gift bag exceeded the scope of his consent. Consequently he argues that the statement he made to Officer Billings concerning ownership of the cocaine was fruit of the poisonous tree. See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488 (excluding evidence that "has been come at by exploitation of . . . illegality") (internal quotation marks omitted). He also argues that the statement was obtained in violation of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights because he was not given a Miranda warning.
[1-2] We review the circuit court's denial of Brooks' motion to suppress in accord with familiar principles:
A defendant's claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment presents a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo on appeal. In making such a determination, we give deference to the factual findings of the circuit court, but we independently determine whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. The defendant has the burden to show that, considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the trial court's denial of his suppression motion was reversible error.
Jones v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 171, 177-78, 670 S.E.2d 727, 731 (2009) (internal citations omitted). See also Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996) ("determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal" while findings of historical fact are reviewed for clear error). Furthermore, we "accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence." Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123, 130, 654 S.E.2d 910, 913 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Although objective reasonableness is a question of law, the factual circumstances are highly relevant when determining what the reasonable person would have believed to be the outer bounds of the consent that was given." United States v. Mendoza-Gonzalez, 318 F.3d 663, 667 (5th Cir. 2003).
The Fourth Amendment guarantees, in relevant part, "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const. amend. IV Warrantless searches of a person's home are presumptively unreasonable. Glenn, 275 Va. at 130, 654 S.E.2d at 913 (citing Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586 (1980)). However, "[i]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable cause is a search that is conducted pursuant to consent." Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973).
[4-6] "The standard for measuring the scope of a suspect's consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of `objective' reasonableness what would the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?" Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991). "The scope of a search is generally defined by its expressed object." Id. Officer Billings received permission to search for a "weapon." The scope of the search therefore was limited to places where an objectively reasonable officer could expect to find a weapon. See id.; Lugar v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 609, 611-12, 202 S.E.2d 894, 897 (1974) (consent to search a house for a fugitive gave officers the right to "make a reasonable search of places in the apartment where a fugitive might hide" but not of "spaces which obviously could not hide a man").
The evidence at the suppression hearing was that Officer Billings held the bag and felt that it had "some weight in it." Having heard the testimony of Officer Billings and having viewed the gift bag, the circuit court found that an objectively reasonable officer could have expected to find a weapon in the gift bag based upon the shape and weight of the bag and its contents. We hold that the Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the trial court's judgment that the search of the bag was objectively reasonable. See Jones, 277 Va. at 177-78, 670 S.E.2d at 731. Because the search was permissible under the Fourth Amendment, we need not address Brooks' argument that his statement was fruit of the poisonous tree. See Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 488.
[8-10] We now turn to Brooks' argument that his statement to Officer Billings was obtained in violation of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights because he was not given a Miranda warning. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that "[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." The Sixth Amendment guarantees that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478 (1966), the Supreme Court of the United States held that "when an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self-incrimination is jeopardized." In such situations, a Miranda warning must be given to protect the privilege and the individual's "right to the presence of an attorney . . . prior to any questioning if he so desires." Id. at 478-79.
[11-12] In assessing whether the interrogation was custodial, we inquire "whether there [was] a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest." California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted). We determine custody "based on how a reasonable person in the suspect's situation would perceive his circumstances." Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 662 (2004). To make that determination, we look to the totality of the circumstances and consider all relevant facts, which in Yarbowugh included: the locus of the questioning; the duration of the interrogation; the disclosure by police that the person was free to leave; the number of officers present; the ability of the suspect's family to be present; the use of threats; the suggestion of an imminent arrest; and the subject matter and tenor of the questioning. Id. at 664-65.
Here, the relevant facts weigh in favor of a finding that Brooks was not in custody. There were at most two officers present. The interrogation consisted of a single question. Brooks was not told that he had to remain present.
Considering the totality of the circumstances, we cannot say that a reasonable person in Brooks' situation would have believed that he was under formal arrest or experienced a "restraint on [his] freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest." Beheler, 463 U.S. at 1125 (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the circuit court's denial of his motion to suppress the cocaine and his statement.
Finally, Brooks assigns error to the Court of Appeals' affirming the circuit court's admission of the certificate of analysis. In light of Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, our decision in Cypress v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 305, 317, 699 S.E.2d 206, 213 (2010), and Brooks' properly preserved objection, as well as the Commonwealth's concessions that the admission of the certificate was error and that the error was not harmless, Brooks is entitled to a new trial. We therefore need not address this assignment of error further.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals as to the denial of the motion to suppress the cocaine and Brooks' statement. We will reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals as to the circuit court's admission of the certificate of analysis, vacate Brooks' conviction, and remand the case for a new trial if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.