Summary
applying "immediate control" test to NYCHRL claim
Summary of this case from Griffith v. Coney Food Corp.Opinion
08-11-2016
Dragica BRANKOV, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. David HAZZARD, et al., Defendants–Respondents, Euro Lloyd Travel, LLC, Defendant.
The Law Office of Albert Van–Lare, New York (Albert Van–Lare of counsel), for appellant. Hughes Hubbard & Reid LLP, New York (Ned H. Bassen of counsel), for respondents.
The Law Office of Albert Van–Lare, New York (Albert Van–Lare of counsel), for appellant.
Hughes Hubbard & Reid LLP, New York (Ned H. Bassen of counsel), for respondents.
FRIEDMAN, J.P., RENWICK, MOSKOWITZ, RICHTER, KAPNICK, JJ.
Opinion Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Donna M. Mills, J.), entered March 16, 2015, dismissing the complaint as against defendants David Hazzard and WestLB, AG, unanimously affirmed. Appeal from order, same court and Justice, entered March 3, 2015, unanimously dismissed, without costs, as subsumed in the appeal from the judgment.
In determining whether an ostensible non employer is actually a “joint employer” for purposes of employment discrimination claims under the State and City Human Rights Laws (HRLs), numerous Federal District Courts have applied the “immediate control” test (see e.g. Tate v. Rocketball, Ltd., 45 F.Supp.3d 268, 273 [E.D.N.Y.2014] ; Haight v. NYU Langone Med. Ctr., Inc., 2014 WL 2933190, *11, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88117, *28–29 [S.D.N.Y.2014] ; Daniel v. T&M Protection Resources, Inc., 992 F.Supp.2d 302, 313 [S.D.N.Y.2014] ). Under the “immediate control” formulation, a “joint employer relationship may be found to exist where there is sufficient evidence that the defendant had immediate control over the other company's employees,” and particularly the defendant's control “over the employee in setting the terms and conditions of the employee's work.” “ Relevant factors” in this exercise “include commonality of hiring, firing, discipline, pay, insurance, records, and supervision.” Of these factors, “the extent of the employer's right to control the means and manner of the worker's performance is the most important factor.” If such control is established, other factors “are then of marginal importance” (Haight, 2014 WL 2933190, *11, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88117, *28–29 [internal quotation marks and brackets omitted] ).
The Second Circuit declined to reach the question of whether a joint employer theory could be used “to visit Title VII liability on a constructive employer” (Arculeo v. On–Site Sales & Mktg., LLC, 425 F.3d 193, 202 n. 11 [2d Cir.2005] ).
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Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the record fails to demonstrate that defendant WestLB had the requisite “immediate control” over the terms and conditions of plaintiff's employment to be subject to liability under the New York State and New York City HRLs as a “joint employer” (see e.g. id. ; Daniel v. T&M Protection Resources, Inc., 992 F.Supp.2d at 313.)
Defendant Euro Lloyd hired plaintiff, paid her salary and bonuses, controlled where she was assigned to work, and placed her at WestLB and later transferred her to other locations. A Euro Lloyd employee supervised plaintiff on a day to day basis. WestLB had no say in the end of plaintiff's employment with Euro Lloyd years after she had been transferred to another location. The record plainly indicates that Euro Lloyd, and not WestLB, ultimately controlled plaintiff's employment.
Accordingly, the motion court correctly held that WestLB was not plaintiff's joint employer, and correctly dismissed plaintiff's claims against WestLB and Hazzard under the State and City HRLs, as those claims rested on plaintiff's theory of joint employment. Nor does the record, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, show the extreme and outrageous conduct required to support a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress (see Freihofer v. Hearst Corp., 65 N.Y.2d 135, 143, 490 N.Y.S.2d 735, 480 N.E.2d 349 [1985] ; Murphy v. American Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 303, 461 N.Y.S.2d 232, 448 N.E.2d 86 [1983] ).