Summary
In Bragg we said: "In determining whether there is such a doubt or lack of certainty as will justify a termination of litigation at this stage of the pleadings, we follow the federal rule * * * and we construe the complaint 'in the light most favorable to the plaintiff with all doubts resolved in his favor and the allegations accepted as true.'"
Summary of this case from Noble Co. v. Mack Fin. Corp.Opinion
March 20, 1967.
PRESENT: Roberts, C.J., Paolino, Powers, Joslin and Kelleher, JJ.
1. PLEADING. Application of Rules of Civil Procedure to Common-law Pleadings Previously Filed. In keeping with the spirit which led to their adoption, supreme court, in cases argued since January 10, 1966, has, where feasible and where no injustice would result, applied rules of civil procedure even in situations where review involved rulings made prior to their effective date.
2. RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE. Construction. Federal Rules. In considering sufficiency of amended declaration on exception to ruling of superior court sustaining demurrer thereto entered prior to effective date of rules of civil procedure, supreme court would apply those rules currently in effect and would treat demurrer as a motion to dismiss and apply guides established in federal courts for construction of their rules upon which ours have been modeled. Rules of Civil Procedure, 12(b) (6).
3. RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE. Pleading. Complaint. Consistent with attainment of substantial justice, rather than the exact formulation of issues, no complaint will be deemed insufficient unless it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove his right to relief, that is to say, unless it appears to a certainty he will not be entitled to relief under any set of facts which might be proved in support of his claim. Rules of Civil Procedure, 8 (a).
4. PLEADING. Rules of Civil Procedure. Statement of Cause of Action. Construing rules of civil procedure court will view the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff with all doubts resolved in his favor and the allegations accepted as true. Vagueness, lack of detail, conclusionary statements, or failure to state facts or ultimate facts, or facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action are no longer generally in and of themselves fatal defects. Rules of Civil Procedure, 8 (a).
5. NEGLIGENCE. Pleading. Business Invitee. Sufficiency of Complaint. Plaintiff alleged in declaration that he, a business invitee of defendant store operator, was injured by a fishing pole protruding from a merchandise cart provided by defendant and being pushed along a narrow aisle by a child of tender years and that defendant did not properly supervise either the loading or use of such carts. Held, that viewed in the light of rules of civil procedure plaintiff stated a cause of action since he might, within the framework of his declaration, prove a failure to keep its premises in a reasonably safe condition for its patrons, and that defendant did not provide protection against a danger or peril which it, in the exercise of reasonable care for the safety of its customers, should have provided. Rules of Civil Procedure, 8 (a), 12 (b) (6).
TRESPASS ON THE CASE action wherein Weisberger, J., of superior court, before effective date of Rules of Civil Procedure, sustained a demurrer to plaintiff's fourth amended declaration, heard on exception of plaintiff to ruling below and, viewing demurrer as a motion to dismiss under the Rules as presently in effect, exception sustained, and case remitted to superior court for further proceedings.
Abedon, Michaelson, Stanzler, Biener, Richard A. Skolnik, Richard S. Mittleman, for plaintiff.
Martin M. Zucker, for defendant.
This action of trespass on the case was brought by a business invitee to recover for personal injuries resulting from the alleged negligence of the owner and occupier of a large self-service mill outlet type of department store. It is here on the plaintiff's exception to a ruling of a justice of the superior court sustaining the defendant's demurrer to the fourth amended declaration.
The trial justice ruled in substance that the declaration was insufficient in law because its allegations were conclusionary rather than factual, and vague rather than certain. If we were required to apply the same standards which were controlling when the case was before him, we would undoubtedly affirm. His ruling, however, antedated the January 10, 1966 adoption by the superior court of a modern simplified set of rules of civil procedure. Those rules were designed "to liberalize and facilitate the practice in this jurisdiction." Industrial National Bank v. Colt, 101 R.I. 488, 224 A.2d 900.
In keeping with the spirit which led to their adoption, this court, in cases argued since January 10, 1966, has, where feasible and where no injustice would result, applied the new rules even in situations where our review has been of rulings made prior to their effective date. Milliken v. Milliken, 101 R.I. 572, 225 A.2d 661; Legare v. Urso, 100, R.I. 391, 216 A.2d 506. We follow that policy in this case and we consider the declaration as if it were a complaint. Stripped of its common-law formalisms it makes the following recitals. The plaintiff alleges that he was invited along with other members of the general public to come upon defendant's premises in the expectation that he would inspect and, hopefully, purchase of the goods wares and merchandise there offered for sale. His injury occurred, he states, when he was struck by a fishing pole which protruded from a merchandise cart which defendant provided to facilitate the transportation of purchases from the display counters to the check-out exits, and he also avers that defendant either knew or should in the exercise of due care have known that the cart with the pole protruding was being pushed on and along a narrow aisle by a child of tender years. Finally, he alleges that defendant did not properly supervise either the loading or the use of the merchandise carts which it provided. Additionally, of course, the declaration contains the customary allegations relevant to jurisdiction, the relief requested, plaintiff's freedom from contributory negligence and the nature and extent of his injuries.
In testing whether a complaint containing such allegations can survive a Rule 12(b) (6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, we treat the demurrer as if it were such a motion, and we apply the guides established in the federal courts for the construction of their rules upon which ours have been modeled. Industrial National Bank v. Colt, supra. See also George A. Fuller Co. v. Schacke, 71 R.I. 322, and Gemma v. Rotondo, 62 R.I. 293.
Those guides differ substantially from common-law standards. No longer do pleadings play as important a role in litigation as they formerly did. Today's goal is the attainment of substantial justice, rather than the exact formulation of issues. Instead of demanding that a declaration be replete with factual assertions and be attentive to formalisms, the new rules require only "`a short and plain statement of the claim' that will give the defendant fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests. * * * [They] reject the approach that pleading is a game of skill in which one misstep by counsel may be decisive to the outcome and accept the principle that the purpose of pleading is to facilitate a proper decision on the merits." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47-48. Consonant with the fair-notice concept, no complaint will be deemed insufficient unless it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove his right to relief, Conley v. Gibson, supra, that is to say, unless it appears to a certainty that he will not be entitled to relief under any set of facts which might be proved in support of his claim. Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500; Leimer v. State Mutual Life Assur. Co., 108 F.2d 302; Erk v. Glenn L. Martin Co., 116 F.2d 865.
In determining whether there is such a doubt or lack of certainty as will justify a termination of litigation at this stage of the pleadings, we follow the federal rule as stated by the present Chief Justice when he sat as a federal district judge before coming to the bench in this state, and we construe the complaint "in the light most favorable to the plaintiff with all doubts resolved in his favor and the allegations accepted as true." Garcia v. Hilton Hotels International, Inc., 97 F. Supp. 5, 8. See also Schram v. Lucking, 31 F. Supp. 749, and Gray v. Schoonmaker, 30 F. Supp. 1019. In addition, vagueness, lack of detail, conclusionary statements, or failure to state facts or ultimate facts, or facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action are no longer generally in and of themselves fatal defects. Dioguardi v. Durning, 139 F.2d 774; East Crossroads Center, Inc. v. Mellon-Stuart Co., 245 F. Supp. 191; Wilson v. Illinois Central R.R., 147 F. Supp. 513; Mails v. Kansas City Public Service Co., 51 F. Supp. 562.
The difference between such an approach and that which prevailed at common law when pleading was an art is strikingly illustrated in our own reports. Phelps v. Burrillville Racing Ass'n, 73 R.I. 84 (decided June 27, 1947), and Kane v. Burrillville Racing Ass'n, 73 R.I. 264 (decided August 1, 1947). Both of these cases arose out of the same incident and in each the plaintiff was a non-negligent admission-paying patron at a horse-racing track operated by the defendant. The incident took place when an unknown excited patron inadvertently bumped into a fire extinguisher, and dislodged it from the wall from which it hung. The noise of the fall and the spray which emitted from the extinguisher with a hissing sound as it began to roll down a nearby stairway created a commotion, which, accompanied by cries of "Fire" and "Bomb" from persons in the vicinity, resulted in a human stampede which involved and injured each plaintiff.
In Phelps, the case first decided, the declaration included the facts as summarized by us but set forth in far greater detail. In sustaining a demurrer this court found the declaration did not meet the common-law standard because it was not alleged,
"* * * that the defendant had a duty to use reasonable care in keeping and maintaining the premises, including the equipment under its control, in reasonably safe condition for the purposes of its invitation to paying patrons and to reasonably protect them from such foreseeable dangers and injuries as might be likely to result from the negligence of the defendant, so long as such patrons were in the exercise of due care and acting within the scope of their invitation * * *." Phelps v. Burrillville Racing Ass'n, supra, at 88.
One month and four days later Kane was decided. In that case the plaintiff, apparently a more artful pleader, included in her declaration the substance of what had been omitted from the Phelps declaration and we held that the issues of proximate cause and of the defendant's negligence were for the jury. The anomaly of Kane — Phelps is unlikely, if not impossible, under the new rules.
When we test plaintiff's allegations by the now controlling guides, it is reasonably apparent that plaintiff within the framework of his declaration might at trial produce evidence in furtherance of his claim which would support a determination by the trier of the facts that defendant had violated its obligation to keep its premises in a reasonably safe condition for the purposes of the invitation extended to its patrons, and that the very incident which caused plaintiff's injury was a danger or peril against which defendant, in the exercise of reasonable care for the safety of its customers, should have provided protection. Denisewich v. Pappas, 97 R.I. 432, 198 A.2d 144; Kane v. Burrillville Racing Ass'n, supra; Ephremian v. Sholes, 72 R.I. 395. Indeed, on facts substantially similar to those in this case, and after a trial on the merits, liability was imposed upon a storekeeper for injuries sustained by a customer when she was struck by a cart being propelled through the aisles of the defendant's premises. Fleming v. Allied Supermarkets, Inc., 236 F. Supp. 306. In such circumstances we follow the policy, long established in the federal courts, against terminating litigation at this stage of the pleadings. Garcia v. Hilton Hotels International, Inc., supra.
The plaintiff's exception to the ruling sustaining the demurrer is sustained, and the case is remitted to the superior court for further proceedings.