Summary
In Brady v. Burke, 90 Cal. 1 [27 P. 52], the cause was tried in 1878, and judgment was ordered; an appeal was taken, although the judgment was not entered until 1882, which latter fact was not called to the attention of the supreme court; when the remittitur was returned, execution issued, and the property involved was sold.
Summary of this case from City of Los Angeles v. HannonOpinion
Department Two
Hearing In Bank Denied.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the city and county of San Francisco, and from an order denying a new trial.
COUNSEL
J. M. Wood, and J. C. Bates, for Appellants.
Sawyer & Burnett, and J. G. Maguire, for Respondent.
JUDGES: De Haven, J. McFarland, J., and Sharpstein, J., concurred.
OPINION
DE HAVEN, Judge
This is an action under section 738 of the Code of Civil Procedure to determine adverse claims to two lots in the city of San Francisco. All of the parties claim under a common source of title.
The plaintiff, who is the respondent here, [27 P. 53] claims title to both lots upon sales made under judgments foreclosing certain street assessments, recorded November 14, 1870, and deeds executed by the sheriff on October 3, 1885, in pursuance of such sales.
The defendants claim an interest in the lots in controversy, based upon various street assessments against said lots, made and recorded subsequently to the commencement of the foreclosure suits under which plaintiff claims, and prior to the rendition of final judgment therein. Defendant Diggins claims the legal title to lot 5, by virtue of a sheriff's deed, under a judgment foreclosing one of these assessments, and the defendant Wood the legal title to lot 6, by virtue of two deeds, based upon judgments foreclosing two of said assessments. These deeds were executed during the pendency of the foreclosure proceedings under which plaintiff claims. These defendants also claim to hold the legal title in trust for certain of their co-defendants, to the extent of their interest, under street-assessment liens. It is argued here by the appellants that the plaintiff acquired no title to lot 6 by the execution sale under which he claims; that the court erred in allowing plaintiff to show that the assessments resulting in the judgments, upon which the deeds of defendants depend, were invalid; and that, in any event, the defendants are entitled to have the lots sold, and the proceeds applied to the satisfaction of the several liens of all the parties, in the order of their priority.
1. The ground upon which appellants attack the deed under which plaintiff claims title to lot 6 is this: Findings and an order for judgment were filed in plaintiff's action against Louisa Page, the owner of this lot, on March 21, 1878, but no judgment was ever entered until January 7, 1882. On March 20, 1878, plaintiff's attorney in said action served upon defendant therein notice of the rendition of judgment, and in November, 1878, said defendant appealed from said judgment to this court, and the judgment was affirmed. There is among the papers in said action a formal decree entitled in that action, dated March 19, 1878, and signed by R. F. Morrison, then judge of the district court in which the action was pending. This formal decree was never entered as the judgment therein, and on January 7, 1882, in the same action, a judgment and decree signed by O. P. Evans, a judge of the superior court of San Francisco, was entered. On appeal to this court, from such judgment, taken by the defendant therein, it was affirmed. Upon the return of the remittitur, execution was issued upon this judgment, and it is upon the sale thereunder that plaintiff claims title to lot 6.
The appellants contend that the judgment so entered on January 7, 1882, was void under the rule announced in Mulford v. Estudillo , 32 Cal. 139.
We do not think that the case cited is in point. It may be conceded that after a final judgment of the trial court has been affirmed on appeal to this court, the court from which such appeal was taken would be without jurisdiction to retry the case and render another judgment, and that, consequently, such subsequent judgment would be void. The reason which supports this rule is, that by a valid appeal the case is removed from the jurisdiction of the lower court, and final judgment in the case is rendered in the appellate court. This, of course, terminates the litigation. But such a rule has no application here, because this court never acquired jurisdiction of the first appeal. Under section 939 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which was in force at the date of the first appeal in the case of Brady v. Page , 59 Cal. 52, no appeal could be taken to this court until after the entry of the judgment in the trial court; and it has been uniformly held here that an appeal taken before such entry is premature. It has also been held that the trial court can, at any time before its judgment is entered, change its conclusions of law, and order a different judgment. (Condee v. Barton , 62 Cal. 5.) Until the judgment is entered, such court retains complete jurisdiction of the case, of which it cannot be divested by any unauthorized appeal to this court. If the attention of this court had been called to the fact that it had before it an appeal from a judgment which had never been entered, and which was still within the control of the lower court, the appeal would have been dismissed. But whether this was done or not, the appeal was ineffectual, and this court was in fact without jurisdiction to entertain it. The appeal was futile, and the case remained in the lower court undisturbed. (Home for Inebriates v. Kaplan , 84 Cal. 488.) It follows that the superior court had jurisdiction to enter the judgment of January 7, 1882, and that the execution sale thereunder, under which plaintiff purchased, was not void.
2. The judgments under which plaintiff claims were conclusive as against the owners of the lots in controversy, as in each of said actions the owner of the lot upon which the lien was foreclosed was a party defendant, and therefore the execution sales transferred the legal title of such owners to the plaintiff; and although the sheriff's deeds made to appellants Wood and Diggins antedated those of plaintiff, and are based upon judgments rendered prior to those under which plaintiff claims, yet, as the liens under which plaintiff's title has its origin are older than the liens to which the deeds of appellants relate, plaintiff has the superior legal title. (Littlefield v. Nichols , 42 Cal. 374.) The most that appellants can claim is, that as they were without actual or constructive notice of the pendency of plaintiff's foreclosure suits, he took such legal title encumbered with all valid liens thereon held by them at the date of his judgment. Assuming that they were without this notice, which is the most favorable view for appellants, the court did not err in allowing the plaintiff to show that the liens foreclosed in the actions, which resulted in the sheriff's deeds to them, were invalid. The plaintiff was not a party to said actions. He was not in privity with the defendants therein, within the meaning of the rule which makes those in privity with parties to an action bound by the judgment therein, because his title relates back to the date of the original liens [27 P. 54] foreclosed by the judgments under which he claims, which liens were prior in point of time to the origin of defendants' alleged title under their deeds. (Shay v. McNamara , 54 Cal. 169; Chester v. Bakersfield T. H. Ass'n , 64 Cal. 42; Horn v. Jones , 28 Cal. 203; Campbell v. Hall , 16 N.Y. 575.) In this latter case will be found a very full and satisfactory discussion of the rule which makes those in privity with parties to a judgment also concluded by it. As to two of the deeds relied upon by appellants, it is found that the work for which the assessment underlying said deeds was made was not completed within the time fixed by the contract, and that the order of the board of supervisors, granting an extension, was not made until after the expiration of the time allowed by the contract for its completion. This being so, it has been repeatedly held that the contractor never acquired any valid lien upon the property. (Beveridge v. Livingstone , 54 Cal. 54; Raisch v. San Francisco , 80 Cal. 1; Fanning v. Schammel , 68 Cal. 428.) As to the other deed to defendant Wood, the court finds that the board of supervisors failed to publish, for the length of time required by law, the resolution of intention to do the street-work which resulted in the subsequent assessment, foreclosure, and deed. This failure to publish rendered the assessment void. (Richardson v. Tobin , 45 Cal. 32.)
Upon the facts found by the court, the alleged liens, upon which appellants' deeds depend for their validity, were void, and they acquired no interest in said lots, as against plaintiff, by said deeds.
3. The point, however, most earnestly insisted on by appellants is, that the court should at least have directed the lots to be sold, and the proceeds applied in satisfaction of all liens which were originally valid, in the order of their priority. The argument seems to be that as plaintiff is asking for relief from a court of equity, the court may require him to do equity. All of the liens asserted here are creations of the statute, and most of them have long expired by lapse of the time given for their enforcement by the statute in which they have their origin. As to some, no steps whatever have been taken to enforce them, while others were foreclosed more than six months before the commencement of this action, and no execution issued on the judgments of foreclosure; and by the express language of the statute, the lien obtained by recording the assessment expires at the end of six months after the final determination of the action foreclosing it. Upon this state of facts, to say that in equity the liens still exist, and to refuse plaintiff a judgment to the effect that they do not exist, would be for the court to give the statute which authorized their creation an effect in direct conflict with its terms. The maxim that he who asks equity must do equity cannot be made rightfully to support such a conclusion. We have examined the cases cited by appellants on this point, and we do not think that any of them support their position. Liens of this class are purely statutory, and only exist for the term given by the statute. In their origin and enforcement they are at every step adverse to and against the consent of the owner of the property affected thereby, and he may, without violating any rule of equity, insist that the claimant shall find his right to enforce them in the statute which authorized their creation.
4. Two of the judgments foreclosing the asserted liens were rendered October 12, 1886, after the commencement of this action, and less than six months prior to the filing of the answer herein. The plaintiff was not a party to either of them, and it does not appear that he had any notice, actual or constructive, of their pendency, and is therefore not bound by them. On the day of their rendition the plaintiff was the owner of the lots upon which the liens were decreed to exist, and his deeds, showing the title to be in him, were duly recorded. It is true that at the time of the commencement of these actions the plaintiff was not a necessary party, but he became so when he acquired the legal title, and should then, by proper proceedings, have been made a party thereto. The statute which authorized the enforcement of the liens contemplates that whoever is the legal owner at the time of the rendition of the judgment shall be a party, unless he is a purchaser pendente lite affected with notice of the action. It follows that these judgments are ineffectual for any purpose, as against the title of plaintiff.
5. In regard to the pending suits for the foreclosure of the liens asserted by appellants, if it should be assumed that the defendants may yet make the plaintiff a party thereto, it is sufficient to say that the findings do not disclose that any of these alleged liens are valid. The substance of the findings on this point is, that the superintendent of streets made, recorded, and issued an assessment, with a warrant and diagram thereto annexed, for the cost of the street-work named, under a contract which had been before that awarded to the contractor by the board of supervisors. All that is said in the findings may be true, and still the proceedings prior to the making and recording of the warrant, assessment, and diagram have been invalid. The board of supervisors may not have had any jurisdiction to award either of the contracts upon which the assessments were made. It was incumbent upon the appellants asserting such liens to show the facts establishing their validity.
As no objection was made to the answer, and the case seems to have been tried upon the theory that it was sufficient, it must be deemed here as sufficiently alleging the validity of these liens. But the court should have found the facts in regard to their creation. The bill of exceptions does disclose that evidence was introduced on this point, but there is nothing therein to indicate how the facts relating to the validity of such liens should have been found from such evidence. It is simply stated that the evidence was sufficient to justify certain findings named; but these findings do not assert that any of the steps required by the statute to be taken prior to the awarding [27 P. 55] of the contracts were taken. The omission to find whether or not such liens were valid is not therefore a ground for the reversal of the judgment. (Himmelman v. Henry , 84 Cal. 104; Winslow v. Gohransen , 88 Cal. 450.)
The opinion of Harrison, J., in the latter case, applying the rule of Himmelman v. Henry , 84 Cal. 104, in which opinion it was assumed that evidence had been given in relation to a matter upon which the findings were silent, is satisfactory, and leaves nothing to be added by way of argument in support of our conclusion that the judgment ought not to be reversed because of this defect in the findings.
Judgment and order affirmed.