Summary
In Bradford, General Motors sent a die to the plaintiff's place of employment, Wyandotte Tool Company. Unfortunately, while testing this die, the plaintiff was injured when her hand was caught and crushed inside the die.
Summary of this case from Ghrist v. Chrysler Corp.Opinion
Docket No. 56207.
Decided January 21, 1983. Leave to appeal denied, 417 Mich 1100.16.
Lakin, Worsham Victor, P.C.; (by Larry A. Smith), for plaintiff.
Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt, Watters, Stanczyk Pedersen, P.C. (by Joseph V. Walker and Christine D. Oldani), and Otis M. Smith, General Counsel, (of counsel), for General Motors Corporation.
Lacey Jones (by Stephen Jay Schwartz), for Wyandotte Tool Company.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and N.J. KAUFMAN and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
The plaintiff, Judith M. Bradford, was injured while operating a power press. She sued the manufacturer of the press, the E.W. Bliss Company, and the manufacturer of the die being used on the press, General Motors Corporation (GM). The plaintiff settled with the E.W. Bliss Company. General Motors sued the plaintiff's employer, Wyandotte Tool Company (Wyandotte) in a third-party action for indemnity. The trial court granted Wyandotte summary judgment on GM's indemnity claim and granted GM a directed verdict on the main action. The plaintiff appeals the directed verdict for GM. In a cross-appeal, GM appeals the summary judgment for Wyandotte. GM's cross-appeal is contingent upon this Court's reversing the directed verdict and remanding the action for further proceedings. Because we affirm the directed verdict, we will not address GM's issues on cross-appeal.
Wyandotte does not produce parts for GM. Instead, GM's dies are only tested at Wyandotte's facility. When new dies are made, GM tests them for quality of the products stamped. Because GM cannot afford to shut down its assembly lines to use the presses for test stamping, GM sends the dies to Wyandotte to test them so that testing will not interfere with ordinary manufacturing operations. The plaintiff was injured during this process when her hand was caught between the upper and lower dies. According to testimony, the machine was not guarded according to OSHA standards and the dies did not have built-in guards.
I
In her first issue, the plaintiff argues that granting the directed verdict was error because the proofs demonstrated that GM negligently furnished defective dies to Wyandotte. The plaintiff argues that GM had a duty to put enclosure guards on its dies. These guards would prevent a press operator from placing her hand between the dies.
In Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich. 712; 311 N.W.2d 725 (1981), the Supreme Court rejected the argument raised here. In that case, a press operator sued GM when his hand was caught between the dies of a power press. The dies were owned by GM, although built by another company, and were used by the plaintiff's employer to manufacture parts for GM. A directed verdict was granted for GM. The Supreme Court upheld the directed verdict, stating:
"A product is defective if it is not reasonably safe for its foreseeable uses. An unguarded die may be used in a reasonably safe manner in a guarded press or in an unsafe manner in an unguarded press. At the time of plaintiff's injury 1967 PA 282 required that `[e]ach employer shall establish and maintain conditions of work which are reasonably safe and healthful for employees'. In light of this statutory duty imposed on Manistee Drop Forge we cannot hold as a matter of law that it was foreseeable to defendant that the product it supplied would be used in an unsafe manner rendering it defective." Fredericks, 720-721.
Fredericks controls this case. When Bradford was injured in 1973, the statute referred to in Fredericks was still in effect. 1967 PA 282; MCL 408.852; MSA 17.49(2), replaced by 1974 PA 154; MCL 408.1009; MSA 17.50(9); MCL 408.1011; MSA 17.50(11). GM, then, was justified in expecting Wyandotte to fulfill its statutory duty to provide a safe workplace, including machines properly guarded under OSHA and MIOSHA. Under Fredericks, the dies involved here were not unsafe for their foreseeable uses. The plaintiff did not establish a prima facie case that GM knew or should have known of Wyandotte's dangerous work site, which would render the dies unsafe. The granting of a directed verdict was proper.
II
The plaintiff next argues that GM had a nondelegable duty to ensure that its dies were used safely by Wyandotte because the work undertaken was intrinsically dangerous absent special precautions. In this regard, the plaintiff argues that Wyandotte is an independent contractor.
Michigan has adopted the Restatement rules of nondelegability of risks of intrinsically dangerous activities. McDonough v General Motors Corp, 388 Mich. 430, 438-439; 201 N.W.2d 609 (1972). The Restatement rules are:
"One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the employer should recognize as likely to create during its progress a peculiar risk of physical harm to others unless special precautions are taken, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to them by the failure of the contractor to exercise reasonable care to take such precautions, even though the employer has provided for such precautions in the contract or otherwise." 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 416, p 395.
"One who employs an independent contractor to do work involving a special danger to others which the employer knows or has reason to know to be inherent in or normal to the work, or which he contemplates or has reason to contemplate when making the contract, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the contractor's failure to take reasonable precautions against such danger." 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 427, p 415.
There is substantial overlap between §§ 416 and 427. Comment a to § 416, 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, p 395. We note first that, contrary to the defendant's argument, these sections are not necessarily limited to landowner cases. See Comment d to § 416, 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, p 397 (trucks). We do, however, agree that the plaintiff failed to show a "peculiar risk" (§ 416) or "special danger" (§ 427). When machines are properly guarded, as Wyandotte's should have been, the operation of a power press does not rise to such a danger that public policy should hold GM, as the entruster of the dies, nearly strictly liable for harm. The trial court did not err by directing a verdict on this theory of recovery.
The plaintiff presented evidence of total injuries from presses. On appeal, she argues that "it must be assumed" that the high rate of injury includes guarded machines. It is insufficient trial proof to assume on appeal.
Vannoy v City of Warren, 15 Mich. App. 158, 163; 166 N.W.2d 486 (1968), aff'd 386 Mich. 686; 194 N.W.2d 304 (1972).
III
The plaintiff's third argument is divided into two parts. She first argues that GM negligently selected Wyandotte as a contractor. She then argues that GM negligently entrusted the dies to Wyandotte with reason to know Wyandotte would use them negligently. Both theories require that GM knew or should have known about Wyandotte's unguarded machines. See Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich. 719. The plaintiff showed that GM engineers visited Wyandotte to check on progress. These engineers were quality control experts checking the stampings. They had no expertise in occupational safety enabling them to discern safety problems. The plaintiff did not show actual knowledge by GM of the deficiencies. In fact, the plaintiff's proofs showed only that GM employees had been at Wyandotte. The plaintiff did not show that these employees were familiar with the safety features on the press. Absent more convincing proof, and considering Wyandotte's affirmative legal duty to provide a safe workplace, we conclude that the trial court properly entered a directed verdict. The evidence did not show that GM knew or should have known of the unguarded nature of Wyandotte's presses.
IV
As her final issue, the plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in excluding "deposition" testimony. The deposition was actually taken in conjunction with the Fredericks case. The plaintiff sought to introduce not the deposition, but an incomplete three-page portion of the deposition, quoted in the Court of Appeals Fredericks case, 48 Mich. App. 585-587. We agree with the defendant that this evidence is irrelevant. The Fredericks testimony dealt with the Manistee Drop Forge plant, and not with GM's knowledge of the Wyandotte facility. The plaintiff argues that the statement is an admission, but even this is not shown. The evidence rules require that a statement concern a matter within the declarant's scope of employment. MRE 801 (d)(2)(D). This foundation may have been present in Fredericks but was not offered here. We will not presume it.
MRE 402.
See also MRE 106 regarding the completeness of the deposition.
In view of our affirmance, we need not consider GM's third-party complaint.
Affirmed.